Manuale d’uso / di manutenzione del prodotto 8XC196MD del fabbricante Intel
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8XC196MC, 8XC196MD, 8XC196MH M i cr o co n tr o l l e r U ser ’ s M a nual.
We V alue Y our Opinion Dear Inte l Cus tomer: W e have updated th e infor ma t ion that was provided in the 1992 version of the 8XC196MC User ’ s Manual , added in fo rmation a b out the 8 XC196M D and 8XC1 9 6MH, and c o rrected known errata. W e hope these chan ges make i t easier for you t o use o ur products.
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8XC 196MC, 8XC196M D, 8XC196MH Micr oc ontr olle r User ’ s Manu al August 2004 Order Number 272181-00 3.
Informa tion in thi s document is provided sole ly to enabl e use of Intel products . Intel assu mes no li ability w hatsoev er , incl udin g infringem ent of an y patent or copyrig ht, for sale and use o f Intel products except as provi ded in Intel’s T erms and Co nditi ons of S ale for such products.
iii CONTENT S CHAPTER 1 GUIDE T O THIS MANUAL 1. 1 MANU AL CON TENTS ... . .... . .... . . . .... . . .......... .. . .... . .... . .... . .... . .... . .... . .... . .... . ... .. . . . .......... . . . ... 1-1 1.2 NOTATI ONAL CO NVENTI ONS AN D TERMIN OLOG Y .
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL iv CHAPTER 3 PROGRAMMING C ONSIDERATIONS 3.1 OVERVIEW OF THE INSTRUCTION SET . . ........ ............... . . ............... . ...... . . ............... . . 3-1 3.1.1 BIT Operands ........ ... .. ...................
v CONTENTS 4.1.5.1 Memory-mapped SFRs .. ............... . . ............... . . ............... . .... . . ............... . . .............4-5 4.1.5.2 Peripheral SFRs . . . ..... . . ..... ... . . . . ..... ..... ... . . . . ..... ...... ..... . . .
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL vi 5.6.6 Serial I/O Modes .................... ... ......... ... .. . ................ ... .. ... ......... . ................ ... .. ... .....5-37 5.6.6.1 Sy nchronous SIO Trans m it Mode Example . .... ....... .....
vii CONTENTS 7.4.5 Determining Seri al Port St atus ......... . .. . . . ........... . .............. . . .. . . . .. . . . ...................... .. . .. 7-15 CHAPTER 8 FREQUENCY GENERATOR 8.1 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW.......... ................. . . .....
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL vi ii 10.5.2 Reading the Curr ent Value of the D o w n-counter ................. . .. ................................1 0 -7 10.5.3 En ablin g the PW M Outputs .........................................................
ix CONTENTS 12.6.1.4 Using Mixed Analog and Digital Inp uts .......... . .... . . ............... . . ............... . .... . . .... 12-13 12.6.2 Understanding A/D Conversion Er rors ................ ...................... . ................ ... .. .
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL x 15.4 WAIT STATES (READY CONTROL).. . ......... . ...... .......... . ........... . ...... .......... . ......... . .... 15-1 7 15.5 BUS-CONTROL MODES... .......... . ........... . .... ............ . ......... . ...
xi CONTENTS APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE APPENDIX B SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS B.1 SIGNAL NAME CHANGES................. . .... . . ............... . .... . . ............... . . ............... . .... . . ...... B - 1 B.2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPINGS OF SIGNAL S .
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL xi i FIGURES Figure Page 2-1 8XC1 96M x Bl ock D i agr am . ..... ... .. .. ..... ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ..... .. .. ... .. 2- 3 2-2 Block Diagram of the Core .
xiii CONTENTS FIGURES Figure Page 7-5 Serial Port Frames i n Mode 2 and 3 ........ ..... ....... ....... ...... . . . . ..... ........ . ...... ....... ....... ......7-9 7-6 Serial Port Control (SP x _CON) Register .......................... ... . . .
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL xi v FIGURES Figure Page 12-3 A/D Result ( AD_RESULT) Register — W r ite For mat ........ .... ... ..... ..... .... ... ..... ..... .... ... 1 2-6 12-4 A/D Time (AD _TIME) Register ....... ................. ........
xv CONTENTS FIGURES Figure Page 15-2 1 1 6-bit S ystem with RAM ... .. ..... ..... .. ... ..... .. ..... .. ..... ..... ... ..... .. .. ..... ..... ... .... ... ..... .. ..... .. . 15-31 15-22 S y st e m Bus Timi ng ......... ...................... ..
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL xvi T ABLES T able Page 1-1 Han dbook s an d Produ ct In f or mation . .............. . ......... .. . .............. .. . ......... . .. .............. . .... 1-6 1-2 Ap p l ication Notes, Application Briefs, and Art icle Reprints .
xvii CONTENTS T ABLES T able Page 6-8 C ontrol Register V alues for Each Configuration ..... . . ........ ............ . . .......... . .... . . .......... . 6-11 6-9 Port Co nfiguration Exa m ple . . ...................................... . .........
8XC1 96MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL xviii T ABLES T able Page 16 -1 87 C196M x OTPROM Memory Map . . . .. . . ... . . ..... . . ... . . ... . . ... . . .. ... . . ... . . ... . . ..... . . ... . . ... . . ..... . 1 6 -3 16-2 Memory Pr otection for N o r mal Op e r ating Mode .
1 Guide to This Manu al.
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1- 1 CH A PT ER 1 GUI DE TO THIS MANUAL This manual descri bes the 8XC1 96MC, 8XC196MD, and 8XC 196M H embedde d microcontr ol- lers. It is intended f or use b y both software and hardware designe rs fa m i l i ar with the princi ples of microcont rollers.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 1-2 Chapter 9 — W av eform Ge nera tor — describe s the waveform generat or and explains h ow to configure it. For addit ional information and application exampl es , consult AP-483, A pplicat ion Exam p l es Using t he 8XC196MC /MD M i c r ocont r oller (ord e r numbe r 27 2282).
1- 3 G UIDE TO THIS MANUAL Appendix C — Re gisters — provides a compilation of all device spe c i a l- fu nc t ion regis ters (SFRs) arrange d alphabetica l ly b y regist er m n e monic. It a l so includes t ables that list the w in- dowed di r e c t addresses for a l l SFR s in ea ch possible window .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 1-4 number s Hexadecima l numbe rs are represented by a string of hexadecim a l digits followe d b y the chara c t er H . Decimal and binary numbers are represente d by thei r cus tomary nota t io n s . ( T hat is, 255 is a dec imal number a nd 1 11 1 1111 i s a b i nary number .
1-5 G UIDE TO THIS MANUAL uni t s of measu r e The following a bbrevia tio n s are use d to represent units of m easure: A amps , ampe res DC V dire ct curr ent vol ts Kb y t es kil obytes kH z kil oh.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 1-6 T able 1- 1. Handb ooks and P roduct Information Titl e and Desc riptio n Orde r Numbe r I nte l Em bedd ed Qu i ck R efe re n ce G u ide 27 24 39 S oluti on s for.
1- 7 G UIDE TO THIS MANUAL A P-40 6, MCS ® 96 Ana log Acq uisi tion Prim er ††† 2703 65 A P-445, 8XC19 6K R Perip heral s: A Use r’s Po int o f View † 27 08 73 A P-449, A Compariso n o f th.
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1-9 G UIDE TO THIS MANUAL This Page Left Intentionally Blank.
8XC 1 9 6MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 1-10 This Page Left Intentionally Blank.
1-11 G UIDE TO THIS MANUAL 1.4 .4 World Wide Web W e of fer a v ariety o f information throug h th e W orld W ide W eb (URL:http://www . in tel.com/ ) . Se- lec t “Embedded Design Prod uc ts” from t he Intel home page. 1.5 T ECHNI CAL S UPPO RT In the U.
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2 Ar chit ectural Overview.
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2- 1 CH A PT ER 2 ARCHITECT URAL OVERV IEW The 16-bit 8XC196MC, 8XC196MD, and 8XC1 96MH C HMOS m i c rocontrollers are desi gned to ha n dl e high - s peed calcul a ti o ns and fast in p ut /output (I/O) ope rations. They share a com mon archit ecture and instruc t i on se t with othe r membe r s of the M CS ® 96 m ic rocontroll er fami ly .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 2-2 2.3 F UNCTIONAL O VERVIEW Figure 2 -1 s hows the major blocks within the m i cr o controll er . The c ore of the microcont roller (Figure 2-2 ) c onsists of the cent ral processi ng unit (CPU) an d m emory control l e r .
2- 3 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW Figure 2-1. 8XC19 6M x Block Diagram Figure 2- 2 . Block Di agram of the Core A2798-02 Optional ROM Core Clock and Power Mgmt. PTS WG PWM I/O A/D EPA WDT Interrupt Controller FG SIO Note: The frequency generator is unique to the 8XC196MD.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 2-4 2.3.1 CPU Contro l The CPU is cont rolled by the microcode engi ne, which instructs the RALU to pe rform operation s using b yt es , words, or double-words from e i ther the 256-byte l ower register fil e or throu gh a wi n- do w that di rectly access es the up p er regist er fil e .
2- 5 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW The R ALU uses the up per- and lower-word registers toget h e r for the 32-bit instruct ions and a s temporary registers for many instruc t ions. These registers ha ve their own shi f t logic and are used for operatio n s that require logical shift s, incl uding n o rmalize, multiply , and divide operat ions.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 2-6 2.3.4 Mem ory Interface Unit The R ALU communi cates with a ll mem o ry , except the register fil e and peripheral SFRs , thr ough the memory cont r oller. (It com municates with the upper register file through the memory contr o l- ler except when w indo wing i s used; see Chapte r 4, “Mem ory Partitio n s.
2- 7 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW 2.4 INTERNAL TIMING The c lock ci rcuitry (Figure 2-3) re c e ives an input cloc k signal on XT AL1 provi ded b y an external crystal or oscillator and divi des the fre q ue ncy by two.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 2-8 Figure 2-4. Internal Clock Phases The combined peri od of phase 1 and pha se 2 of the internal CL KOUT s ig n al defines the ba sic t ime unit kn own as a state time or st at e . T abl e 2 -2 lists state time durations at various frequencies.
2- 9 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW 2.5.1 I/O Ports The 8XC1 96M x m i cr o controll ers have s even I/O p or t s, ports 0–6. The 8XC196MD ha s an ad d i - tional p o rt , port 7. Individual port pi ns are multiple xed to serve as s tandard I/O or to carry speci a l - functio n signals associ ated wit h an on-chip peripheral or an off-chip component.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 2-10 2.5.3 Event Proces sor Arra y (EP A) and T im e r/Co un ters The eve nt processor array (E P A) perfor ms hig h -speed input and output fun ctions associ ated with its tim er/ counte rs. I n t he i nput mode, the EP A m o nitors a n input for signal tra nsit i ons.
2-11 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW 2.5.7 Analog -to-digi tal Co nverter The analog-to-digi tal (A/D) converter converts an analog input volta ge to a digi t al equi valent. Resol u t ion is either 8 or 10 bits; sampl e and convert t imes are pr o gra mmable .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 2-12 2.6 .3 P rog ram m i ng the Nonvo lati le M em or y MCS 96 microco ntrollers tha t have internal OTPR OM provide several programming options: • Sl a v e prog ramm ing allows a ma st er EPR OM p ro gra mmer to pr o gra m and verify one or more slave MC S 96 microcont rollers.
3 Pr ogra mming Considerat ions.
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3- 1 CH A PT ER 3 PROG RAMMI NG CO NSIDE RATIONS This se c tion p ro vides a n overvie w of the inst ruction set of the MCS ® 96 microcontrollers a n d of- fers guideli n es for program development. For de t ailed informa t ion a bout specific instruct ions, se e Appendix A.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 3-2 T able 3-2 lists the equivalent operand-type name s for b o th C prog ramm ing an d asse mbly lan- gu age . 3.1.1 BIT Oper ands A BI T i s a single-bit variabl e t hat ca n have t he Boole an values , “ true” and “fal se .
3- 3 PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATI ON S WORDs must be al igned at even b yte b ou n daries in the a ddress spa ce. The l east-s ignifica nt byte of the WOR D i s in the eve n byte addre ss, and the most -significant byte is in the next hig h er ( odd) address.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 3-4 3.1.7 LONG-IN TE GER Ope rand s A LONG - INT EGER is a 32-bit, signed va r iable that can take on v alues from –2,147,483,648 (– 2 31 ) thro ugh + 2,147,483 ,6 4 7 (+ 2 31 –1).
3- 5 PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATI ON S 3.2 ADDRES SING MO DE S The inst ruction s et uses four bas ic addre ss i ng modes: • direct • im medi ate • indirect (with or witho u t a utoincrem ent) • in.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 3-6 3.2.1 Direct Ad dressi ng Direct addressing di rectly ac c esse s a loca tion i n the 256-byte lower regi st er fil e, wi thout i nvolv- ing the memory co n t roller .
3- 7 PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATI ON S ADDB AL,BL,[CX] ; AL ← BL + ME M_BYTE(CX) POP [AX] ; MEM_WORD(AX) ← MEM_WORD(SP) ; SP ← SP + 2 3.2.3.1 Indirect Addr essing with Aut o increment Y ou can choose to automatical ly increment the indirect a d dre ss after the current access.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 3-8 The inst r uctio n LD AX,12H[BX] loa ds AX with the contents of the me mory location tha t resides at ad d ress BX+12H. That i s, the instruct ion adds the c onstant 12H (the of fse t) to the conte nts o f BX (the base addre ss), the n loads AX with the contents of the resul tin g address.
3- 9 PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATI ON S 3.3 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ADDRE SSING MODE SELECTIONS The assem bly l anguage simpl if i es the choice of addressin g modes .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 3-10 T o use t hese re gisters effective ly , you must have some overal l stra teg y fo r all o cat ing the m. The C programming language ad o pt s a simpl e , ef fe c t ive strat egy .
3-11 PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATI ON S If a proced u re retu r ns a value to the cal l i ng code (a s oppo sed to modifying m ore global vari ables ) , the result i s re turned in the temporary stora ge space (TMPR EG0, in this exampl e) start ing a t 1CH.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 3-12 When using t h e watchdog timer (WDT) for software prote c t ion, we r e commend that you res e t t he WDT from only one plac e i n co de, reduci n g the chance of a n unde sire d WDT reset. The sect io n of code that resets the WD T sho uld monitor the other code sections for proper ope rat ion.
4 Memory Partitions.
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4- 1 CH A PT ER 4 MEMO RY PART I TIONS This cha pter desc ribes the address space , its major partiti o ns, and a w indowing tec h ni que for ac- cessing the upper re gist er file and perip heral SFRs with regist er-direct inst ructions. 4.1 ME MORY PA RTIT IONS T able 4-1 is a m emo ry ma p of the 8XC196M x devi ces.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-2 4.1 .3 Prog ram Mem o ry Prog ram memory oc cu p ies a memory p artition beg inning at 2080H. (See T able 4-1 for the ending address f o r e ach devic e . ) This entire pa rtitio n is available for storing e x e cutabl e code and dat a .
4- 3 MEMORY PARTITI ONS 4.1.4 S pecial - pur pos e Mem ory Special-purpose memory resides in loca t i ons 2000–2 07FH (T able 4-2). It conta ins several re- served memory locations, th e c hip configuratio n bytes (CCBs), and vectors f o r both peri phera l transaction server (P T S) and standard interrup t s.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-4 4.1.4.3 Security Key The securi t y key prevents unauthorized programming acce ss t o the nonvo latil e m emory . See Chapter 16, “Programm ing the No nvolatile Memory ,” for deta ils. 4.1.4.4 Chip Configurat ion Bytes (CCBs) The chi p configurati on bytes (CC Bs) speci fy the operati ng environm ent.
4- 5 MEMORY PARTITI ONS 4.1.5.1 Memory-mapped SFRs Locat ions 1FE0–1FFFH cont ain mem ory-m apped SFR s (see T a ble 4-3). Loc ations in this ra nge that are omitt ed f rom t he table are re served. The me mory-mappe d S FRs must be a c cess ed with indirect or indexed addressing modes, and th ey cannot be w in dow ed.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-6 T a b le 4-4. Peripheral SFRs — 8XC196MC Po rt 2 SFRs EP A an d Timer SFRs Address High (Odd ) Byte Low (Even) Byte Address High ( Odd) Byte Low (Even) Byte 1FDE.
4- 7 MEMORY PARTITI ONS T a b le 4-5. Peripheral SFRs — 8XC196MD Po rts 2 a nd 7 SFRs E P A and T i mer SFR s Add ress High ( Odd) Byte Low (Even) Byte Address High (O dd) Byte Low (Even) Byte 1FDE .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-8 T a b le 4-6. Peripheral SFRs — 8XC196MH Port 0 a nd 2 S FRs Po rt 1 SFRs Add ress High ( Odd) Byte Low ( Even) Byte Address High (Odd ) Byte Low (Even) Byte 1FD.
4- 9 MEMORY PARTITI ONS 4.1.6 Register Fi le The regist er file (Figure 4- 1 ) is divi ded into an uppe r regist er file and a lowe r re gister fi l e .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-10 4.1.6.1 Gene ral-pur pose Register RAM The lowe r registe r f ile c ontains ge neral -purpose registe r RAM. The s tack pointer l ocations can also be u sed as general-purpo se regi s ter RAM when stack operations are not b eing performed.
4-11 MEMORY PARTITI ONS Y our prog ram must l oad a word-al igned (even) address into t he st a ck pointer . Select an address that is t wo byte s grea te r tha n the desi red s tarti ng ad d ress be cause the CP U aut omat i ca lly dec re- ments the s t a ck pointer bef o re it pushes the first byte of th e re t urn address onto the stac k.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-12 4.2 W I NDOWING W indowing expands the a mount of m emory that is accessibl e with register-direct a ddressing. Regis t e r -di rect ad dressi ng can a c cess the lower regist er file with short, f a st-exec uting instr u c- tions.
4-13 MEMORY PARTITI ONS 4.2.1 Selec ting a Wind ow The window se lection regist er (F i gure 4-3) sel e c ts a win d ow to be m apped into the t op of the low- er re giste r file. T able 4-9 provides a q u ick refe rence of WSR values for windowing the peripheral SFRs.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-14 4.2.2 Add ressing a L ocation Thro ugh a Wi ndow After you have selected the desired window , you need to k now t he windowed direct address of the memory l ocation (the address in t he lowe r register file). Ca l c ulate the windowed di rect ad- dress as foll ow s: 1.
4-15 MEMORY PARTITI ONS T able 4-1 1. Windows Bas e Add re s s WS R V alu e fo r 32-by te Window ( 00E0– 00FF H) WSR Va l ue fo r 64-by te Window (00 C0–00 FFH ) WSR Value fo r 128 -by te Win dow .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-16 Ap p e ndix C incl udes a t able of t he windowabl e SFRs wi th the W SR values and direct a ddresse s for eac h window size. T h e foll owing exampl es ex p l ain how to de t e rmine the WSR value a nd di- rect addre ss for an y win do w able location.
4-17 MEMORY PARTITI ONS 4.2.2.5 Using t h e Linker Locator t o Set Up a Win d o w In thi s exampl e, the l inker loca tor is u s ed to se t up a wi ndow . The linker l ocator l ocate s t he win- dow in t h e upper register file and dete r mines the value to loa d in t h e WSR for access to that win- dow .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 4-18 ldb wsr, #?WSR ;Prolog code for wsr add var1, var2, v ar3 ; ; ; ldb wsr, [sp] ;Epilog code for wsr add sp, #2 ;Epilog code for wsr ret end ********************** ******** The followi ng is an example o f a l inker invocati o n to link and loc a t e the modu les and to d e ter- mine the pr oper windowi n g.
4-19 MEMORY PARTITI ONS The C compi l e r can also take a d va n ta g e of this fea ture if the “windows” sw i t ch i s enable d. For details, see th e MC S 96 microc o ntr o ller archi t ecture software products in the Dev elopme nt T o ols Han dbook .
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5 Standard and P TS Interrupts.
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5- 1 CH A PT ER 5 STANDARD AND PTS INTE RRUPTS This c h a pter des cr i bes the int errupt control c i rcuitry , priority sc h e me, and t i m ing for standa r d and peripheral tr a nsaction se rver (P TS) inte rrup ts.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-2 Figure 5-1. Flow Diagram for PTS and Stan d ar d Interrupts No No PTS Enabled? PTSSEL. x Bit = 1? Yes Yes No Interrupt Pending or PTSSRV Bit Set NMI Pending ? Interrupts Enabled ? Yes No Return INT _MASK.
5- 3 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS Figure 5-1 illust rates the interrupt pr o c essing flow . In this fl ow diagram, “INT_M ASK” rep r e - sents both the INT _MASK a nd INT_MA SK1 regi st e rs, and “INT_PEND” repre sents both the INT_PEND a nd INT_PEND1 regi st ers.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-4 5.3 INTE RRUPT SOURCES AND PRI ORITIE S T able 5-3 lists the interrupts sources, their default priorit ies (30 is highest and 0 is lowe st), an d their vec tor addresses .
5- 5 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS T able 5-3. Interrupt Sources, V ectors, and P riorities Interru pt So urce Mne monic Inte rrupt Con troller Se rvice PTS Se rvice Name Ve c t o r Priority Name Ve c t.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-6 5.3.1 Speci al Interr upts This micr ocontroller has three specia l in t errupt sourc es that a re a lwa ys enabled: unimpl em ente d opco d e, software tra p, and NMI. These interrupts are not affecte d by the E I (enable inte rrupts ) and DI (disable in terrupts) i nstructions , and t h ey ca nnot be maske d.
5- 7 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS When the leve l-s ensi tive eve nt is selecte d, t he externa l interrupt si gnal must rem ain asse rte d for at l east 24 T XTAL 1 (24 /F XT AL 1 ) to be recogniz ed a s a valid i nte rrupt.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-8 The int errup t ser v ic e routi ne should read the PI_PEND (Figure 5 -12 on page 5-23) register to d e- termi n e the so u rc e o f the interrupt. Before exec utin g the ret urn ins truct ion, the inte rrupt se rvice routine should c heck to see if any of t he ot her inter rupt source s are pen ding.
5- 9 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 5.3.4 End-o f-PT S Interrupts When the P TSCOUNT regis ter decrem ents to zero at th e end of a s i ngle transfer , block transfer , A/D scan , or s erial I/O routi ne.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-10 Each P TS cycle wi thin a P T S rout ine can not be inte rrupted. A P TS cycle i s the entire P T S re- spon s e to a singl e interrupt request . In block transfer mode, a P TS c y c l e c onsists of t he t ransfer of an ent i re block of byt es or words.
5-11 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS Figure 5 -4. St andard Int err upt Response Time 5.4.2.2 PTS Int err upt Latency The maxim um delay for a P TS interrupt is 43 state t i mes (4 + 39) as shown in Figure 5-5.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-12 5.5 PROG RAM MING THE I NTERRUP TS The P TS s e l ect re g i ster (P T SSEL) sel ects eithe r P TS s ervice or a s tan d ar d software i n terrupt s er- vice routine fo r e a ch of t he maskabl e interrupt reque sts (s ee F igure 5 -6).
5-13 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS When you assign a n interrup t to the P TS, you must set up a P TS control block (P TSCB ) fo r e a ch interrupt source (see “ I ni t i a l izing the P TS Control B l ocks” o n pa ge 5-24) and us e t he EP TS i n- structi on to gl obally e nable the P T S.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-14 P TSSEL Ad dress : Re s et S ta te: 00 04H 00 0 0 H The PTS se l ect (P T SSEL) re gist er se lects either a PTS m icroco d e ro utine o r a stan dard inte rrupt se rvice ro utine for e ach in terrup t req uest.
5-15 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS INT _ M ASK A d d ress: Reset Sta te: 00 08 H 00 H The interru p t mask (INT_MASK ) registe r e n ables o r disab les (m a s k s) individ ual i n terru pt requ ests. (Th e EI and DI instr uctio ns ena b le a n d disa ble servicin g of a ll maska ble in terrup ts.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-16 INT_M ASK1 Address: Reset Sta te: 00 13 H 00 H The in terrup t mas k 1 (INT_M ASK1) re giste r enab les or d isable s (m asks) i n d i vidual i nterru pt re q uests. (Th e EI a nd DI instructi on s enab le and disabl e ser vicing o f a ll mas kable interr upt s.
5-17 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS PI_ MAS K Add ress : Rese t State: 1FBCH AAH The p er iphera l interr upt m ask (PI_M ASK) reg ister e n ables o r disab les ( m as k s) i nterru pt req u e sts as socia ted wi th the peri ph era l interru p t (PI), the seria l port int erru pt (SPI), and the overf low/un derfl ow time r inte rrup t (OV R T M).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-18 5.5.1 Modifyin g Interru pt P riori ties Y our software can m odify the de fault priorit i e s of ma skable inte rrupts by controllin g the inter ru pt mask registers (INT_M ASK and INT_MASK1). Fo r e xampl e, you can specify whi ch in terrupts, if any , can interrupt an inter ru pt s ervice r ou t in e.
5-19 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS Note that loc atio n 2 0 02H i n the i nte rrupt ve ct o r tabl e must be l oaded wi th the value of the label AD_DONE_ISR before the i nterrupt request occ u rs a nd that th e A/D conversio n c om plete in ter- rupt m ust be enabl ed for this ro uti n e to e xecut e .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-20 5.5.2 Determi n i ng the S ource of an I nterrupt When har d wa re detects an interrupt, i t s ets the corres p onding bi t in th e INT_PE ND or INT_PEN D1 register (Figures 5- 10 a nd 5-1 1 ). It s ets the bit even if the individua l interrupt i s disable d (masked).
5-21 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS INT _PE ND Address: Reset Sta te: 00 09 H 00 H When h ar d ware det ects an i nt e rrupt req uest, i t sets the correspo nding b it in the inter rupt pen d i ng (INT _PEND or IN T_PEND1) re giste rs . When the vector is t aken, th e h ardwar e cle ars the pen d i n g bit.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-22 INT_PE ND1 Address: Reset Sta te: 00 12 H 00 H When hardwar e det ects a pendin g interru pt, i t set s the corr espo n ding b it in the i nterr u pt pen ding (INT _PEND or IN T_PEND1) re giste rs . When the vector is t aken, th e h ardwar e cle ars the pen d i n g bit.
5-23 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS PI_PEND Add ress : Rese t State: 1FBEH AAH When hard ware dete cts a p end ing p eriph eral or timer inte rrupt, it se ts th e correspo ndin g bi t in t he interr upt pen d i n g (INT _PEND o r INT_PE ND1) r e g ister s a nd t h e p e riphe ral inte rrupt pe n d i n g (PI_ PEND) registe r .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-24 5.6 INITIALIZING THE P TS CONTRO L BLOCKS Each P T S in terrupt requires a block of data, in register RAM, called t h e P TS control block (P TS CB). The P TSCB i dentifi es whic h P T S microcode routine wi ll be i nvoked and sets up the specifi c parameters for t he r outine.
5-25 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS The address of the fi rst (lowest ) P TSC B byte i s s to r ed i n the P T S vect o r t a ble in s pecial -pur pose memory ( s ee “Spe c ial- p urpose Me mory” on page 4-3). Figure 5 -13 shows the P TSC B fo r e ach P T S mode.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-26 PTSSRV Ad dress : Re s et S ta te: 00 06H 00 0 0 H The PTS servi ce (PTS SR V) re gist er is used b y the hard ware to ind icate th a t the final PTS inte rrupt h as bee n s erviced by the PTS routin e.
5-27 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 5.6.2 Selec ting th e PT S Mod e The second b y te of e ach P T SCB is a lways a n 8-bit value called P T SCON. Bi ts 5–7 select the P T S mode (Figure 5- 1 5). The funct ion of bits 0– 4 differ for e a ch P TS mode.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-28 PTS Sin gle T ra nsfer Mo de Cont rol Bloc k In single transfe r m ode , t h e P TS contro l block contain s a so urce and desti nati on addres s (P T SSRC and PTS DST), a control r egister (PTSCON), a n d a tr ansfe r count (P T SCOUNT).
5-29 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS The P TSCB in T a b l e 5-5 define s nine P TS cycles. E a ch c yc le m o ves a sin g le word from loca ti on 20H to an e x terna l memory location.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-30 5.6.4 Block T r ansfer Mod e In block transfer mode, an interrup t causes t he P TS to move a block of bytes o r words from one memory loca tion to anothe r . S ee AP-483, Ap p lication Exampl es Using the 8XC196M C/M D Mi- cr ocontr ol ler , for a pplication examples with code.
5-31 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS PTS Bloc k T ran sfer Mod e Contro l Block In b l ock transfe r mode, t h e PTS c o nt rol block contains a block size (P T SBL OC K), a source and destinati on a ddress (P T SSRC and PTSDST), a c o nt rol r egiste r (PTSCON), and a tran sfer count (P TSCOUNT).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-32 5.6.5 A/D Scan Mod e In the A/ D scan mode, the P TS cause s the A/D converter t o perform mul t iple conversions on one or more c han n els and th en s tores the results in a t able in memory . Figure 5- 19 s ho ws the P TS con- trol bloc k f or A/D sc an mo de.
5-33 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS PT S A/D S can Mo de Control Bloc k In A/D scan mode, the P TS causes the A/D convert er to perform mult iple conve r sions on o ne or m ore cha nnels and then store s the results.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-34 T o use the A/ D s can mo d e, you must first se t u p a command/da t a table in memory (T able 5-7). The co mm and/da ta table contains A/ D com mands t hat are inte rle ave d wit h blank me mory loca - tions. The P TS st o re s the conversio n r e sults in the se blank locations.
5-35 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 5.6.5.1 A/D Scan Mode Cyc les Software must start the firs t A/D conversion. Af te r t he A/D conversi o n comple t e int errupt ini- tiates t he P TS r outine , the foll ow ing actions occ ur .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-36 version. Step 4 updates P TS P TR1 (P T SP TR1 now points t o 3004H) and step 5 decrement s P T SCO UNT to 3. The next cycle begins by st oring the channe l 5 command in the temporary lo- cation.
5-37 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 5.6.5.3 A/D Scan Mode Example 2 T abl e 5-1 1 sets up a s eries of te n P TS cycles , each of which reads a sin g le A/D c hannel and stores the res ul t in a s ingle location (3002H). The UPDT bit (P TSCON.3) i s cleared so that o r i ginal con - tents o f P T S P T R1 are restored afte r the cycl e.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-38 trans mi tted or rec eived i ncl udin g the parit y and st op bi ts in t he a synchronous modes. The seri al I/O modes require two P TS control bloc ks t o c onfigure all options (see Figures 5-19 and 5-20).
5-39 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS Reg ister Lo c a tion Func tio n BAUD PTSC B1 + 4 Bau d V alue This registe r conta in s t he 16-bit valu e that the PTS uses to gene rate t h e de sired b aud rat e. Use t h e fo ll owin g for m ula to calcul ate t h e valu e to l oad in to th e BAUD register .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-40 Reg ister Lo c a tion Func tio n PTSCOUNT PTSCB1 + 0 Con secuti ve PTS Cycles Defi ne s the n umb er of bi t s to be tran smit ted or rece ived , includ ing pari ty and stop b its, bu t not the start b it. Fo r asynchro nous m ode s, progr am a nu mber th at is b etwee n 1–16 .
5-41 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS PT S Seria l I/O M ode Co ntrol Bloc k 2 (8 XC196 MC, M D) The P TS con trol blo ck 2 con tains p ointers to bot h the po rt reg ister (PORTREG) an d the da ta registe r (DA T A).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-42 Re gister Lo catio n F unc tion DA T A PTS CB2 + 4 Data Regi st er This 16 -bi t regi ster hold s the d ata to b e tran smi tte d or the data that has been rece ived . Durin g tran smi t mode , the least- signifi cant bit (b it 0) is tran smitted f i rst.
5-43 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 5.6.6.1 Synchro nous SI O T ransmi t Mode Example In synchr o nous se rial I/O (SSIO) transm it mode , a n EP A channel controls the transmi ss ion baud rate by ge nerating o r capturing a seria l clock signal (SCK).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-44 If the SC K signal is generat ed by the EP A channel, t h e first P TS c ycle must be start ed manua l l y . • Init ialize the TX D port pin an d t he SCK signal to the syste m-required logic l e vel bef o re starting a transmi ssion.
5-45 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 7. Enable EP A0 inte r rupt. — Set INT_M ASK.2. 8. Load t h e number of bytes to transm i t into t he user_defi n ed t ransmit count register (T_COUNT) and clear the user -defi ned transfe r-done fl a g (TXDDONE). — LD T _COUNT , #1 6 — CLRB TXDD ONE 9.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-46 time into the event-ti me regi ster . I f t his toggle occu r s , the clock pol arity will cha nge because of t h e o d d number of toggle s and erroneous data may be output.
5-47 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 5.6.6.2 Synchro nous SIO Receive M o de Example In sy nchr o nous se rial I/O (SSIO) receive m ode, an EP A c hannel cont rols the re ception baud ra t e by generat ing or capt u rin g a seria l clock si g nal (SC K).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-48 The f ollowin g exam ple uses E P A0 to capture the SCK signa l and P2.3 to rec eive the da t a (RXD ) . It s e ts up a synchron ous seri a l I/O P TS routi n e t hat re ceive s 16 bytes wit h eight data bits.
5-49 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 8. Select P T S servic e for EP A 0. — Set P TSSE L.2. 9. Set- u p EP A0 t o c apture on both risi ng and fal l i ng edges . — Set EP A0 _CON bits 4 and 5 (Figure 1 1 - 10 on page 1 1-1 9 ). 10. Enable the P T S and conventional interrup t s.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-50 Figure 5-24. Synchronous SIO Receive Mode — End-of-PTS I nterr upt R outine Fl owch art 5.6.6.3 Asynchronous SIO T ransmi t Mode E x a m ple In asynchronou s se.
5-51 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS Fig u r e 5-25. Asynchronous SIO T ransmit T iming The first P TS cycl e must be start ed manual ly b y g enera ting a start bit a n d then set ting u p the t im- ing for the first E P A interrupt. • Initialize t he T XD port pin to one before st arti n g a tra nsmi ssi on.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-52 5. Initiali ze and enable the timer; s ele ct up c o unting, in t ernal clock, and prescale r disable d. — Set T1CON TROL bits 6 and 7 (Figu re 1 1-8 on pa ge 1 1-1 6 ) . 6. In iti aliz e the P TS CB as sho wn i n T ab le 5-15 .
5-53 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 14. The transmi ssio n will be gin. Data is shifted out with the least -significant (rightm ost) bit first. Each t im e a timer matc h occurs betwe en EP A0_TIM E and TIMER 1, the EP A0 channel generates an interrupt and the P TS outp u ts the next bit of da ta on the p i n configured as T XD.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-54 Figure 5-26. Asynchronous SIO T ransmi t Mode — En d-of-PTS Inter rupt Routine Flowchart A3276-01 End-Of-PTS Interrupt Save Critical Data Set-up next data trans.
5-55 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 5.6.6.4 Asynchronous SIO Receive Mode Example In a s ynchronous serial I/O (ASIO) rec eive mode, an EP A chan nel i s set up t o capt ure the fall in g edge w h e n the dat a start bit to g gl es on a port pin that is configure d to function a s the Rec e i ve Data signal (RX D).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-56 2. Set-u p the s tac k pointer . 3. Reset all interrupt mask regi sters. — Clear INT_M ASK, INT_M ASK1a nd PI_MAS K. 4. I nitia lize P2. 0 to func ti o n as the RXD signal . — Set P2_DIR.0 (selects input) . — Clear P2_MODE .
5-57 STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS 1 1. Enable t he P TS and conventional interrup ts. — Use the EI inst ruction to ena ble all standard inte rrup ts and the E P T S instr u ction to enabl e the P T S. 12. T o ggle the RXD input to st art the reception.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 5-58 Figure 5-28. Asynchronous SIO Receive Mode — End-of-PTS Int err up t Routine Flowchart A3277-01 End-Of-PTS Interrupt Save Critical Data Set-up next data recepti.
6 I/O Ports.
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6- 1 CH A PT ER 6 I/O P ORTS I/O ports pr o vi de a mechanism to transfer in f orma tion betwee n the device and the surrounding system c ircuitry . T hey c an read system stat u s, monit or syste m operation, output devi ce status, configure system opti ons, g enera t e contr o l signals, prov ide s eria l comm u nica t i on, and so o n .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-2 6.2 INP UT-ONL Y PO RTS 1 (MC, MD O NLY) AND 0 Port 0 is an eight-bit , hi gh-impe dance, input -only port that prov i des analo g an d digit a l inputs . The input-only pins can be read as digita l inputs ; most of them are also inputs to t he A/D converter .
6- 3 I/O PORTS 6.2.1 Sta ndard Inpu t -only Po rt Ope ratio n Figure 6-1 is a schem atic of an input-only port pin. Tr a nsi stors Q1 and Q2 ser ve as electrost atic discharge (ESD) p r ot ection devic es ; they are re ferenced t o V REF an d ANGND.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-4 6.2.2 Sta ndard Inpu t -only Po rt Cons iderati ons Port 0 and 1 pins a r e uni que in that t hey may indi v i dually be u s ed as digital inputs and analog inputs at the sam e time.
6- 5 I/O PORTS T abl e 6-4. Bidirect ional Port Pins Port Pin Sp e c ial-fun cti on S ignal(s ) S pecial-fu nction Sig nal T yp e As socia ted P eriphe ral P1.0 (M H) TXD 0 O SIO P1.1 (M H) RXD0 I/O SIO P1.2 (M H) TXD 1 O SIO P1.3 (M H) RXD1 I/O SIO P2 .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-6 T abl e 6 -5 l i sts the regis ters associ a t ed with the bidirectional ports. E a ch port has three control reg- ist ers (P x _MODE, P x _DIR , and P x _REG); t h ey can be bo th read and writte n.
6- 7 I/O PORTS In I/O m ode (selec t e d by clearing P x _ MODE . y) , P x _R EG and P x _DIR are inp ut to the multiplex- ers. The se signal s combine to d rive the ga tes of Q1 an d Q2 so tha t the o utput is high, low , or high impedanc e. T able 6-6 is a l ogic table for I/O operation of these ports.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-8 Figure 6 -2. Bidirectional Port Structur e Vcc Q2 Q1 Px_REG Px_DIR Sample Latch PH1 Clock Internal Bus SFDATA SFDIR Px_MODE Px_PIN D Q 0 1 0 1 Vcc Vcc Q R S Any Wr.
6- 9 I/O PORTS 6.3.2 Bid ir ectio nal Port Pi n Con figurati ons Each bidi rec tio nal port pin can be indi vidual ly config ured to operate ei ther a s an I/O pin or as a pin for a spec ia l-function signal . In t he spec ial-funct ion configurat ion, the signal i s controlled by an on -chip peri pheral or an of f-chip c omponent .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-10 T o prevent the CMOS inputs f r om floatin g , t he bidirectional port pins are we akly p u ll ed high dur- ing and after reset, until yo u r software writ es to P x _M ODE. The defa u lt va lues of the control reg - is te rs after reset configure the pins as high-impedance inputs with weak pull-ups.
6-11 I/O PORTS 6.3.3 Bid ir ectio nal Port Pi n Con figurati on Exam p le Assume t hat you wish t o configure the pins of a bidi rectional port as sh o w n in T abl e 6 -9.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-12 6.3.4 Bidir ectio nal Po rt Co ns id erati ons This sect ion outlines spec ia l considera tions for using the pins of the se ports. Port 1 (8XC196M H) After reset, your s o ftware must co nf igure the devic e t o match the external system.
6-13 I/O PORTS P5.0/ ALE If EA# is hi g h on rese t (interna l a ccess), the pi n is we akly held high until your software writes to P5_MODE. If EA# is low on rese t (external acc ess), eithe r ALE or ADV # is activat ed as a system control pin, depe n di ng on the ALE bi t of CCR 0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-14 6.4 BIDI RECT IO NAL PORT S 3 AND 4 (ADDRE S S/DAT A BUS) Ports 3 and 4 are e ight-bit, bi directional , me mory- m apped I/O ports. They ca n be addres sed on ly with indirect or in d e xed addressing and can n ot b e windowed.
6-15 I/O PORTS 6.4.1 Bidir ectio nal Ports 3 and 4 (Address/ Data Bus) Op eratio n Figure 6-3 shows the ports 3 a nd 4 logic. During reset, t h e active -low leve l of R ESET# turns of f Q1 and Q2 and turns on tra n s istor Q 3 , w h i ch weakl y pulls the pin high.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-16 6.4.2 Usi ng Ports 3 and 4 as I/O T o use a port pin as a n output, wri t e the out put data t o t he cor r e spond ing P x_ REG bit. When the device require s acc ess to ex ternal memory , it t akes cont ro l of t he port a n d d rives the addres s/data bit o n to the pin.
6-17 I/O PORTS 6.5.1 Output-o nly Por t Operati on Figure 6-4 shows a simplified circuit schema tic for port 6. Port 6 has a single co nf ig uration an d control regi ster , WG_OUT PUT . T rans i stor Q1 c an source at least –200 µA at V CC –0.3 volts.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 6-18 Figure 6-4. Output-only Port WG_OUTPUT (Po rt 6) Address: Reset Sta te: 1FC0 H 000 0 H The po rt 6 o utput con figura t ion (WG_OUT PUT) reg ister co ntro ls po rt 6 f u n ctio ns.
6-19 I/O PORTS 7 :0 D7: 0 Dat a In gener al -pu rpose o utpu t m ode, t h ese bits hold the values to be drive n out on th e pins. Write t he d esired values t o the se bits (bit s 7:0 co rrespond to p i ns P6.
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7 Serial I/O (SIO) Port.
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7- 1 CH A PT ER 7 SE RIAL I/O (S IO) PO RT A serial input/ output (SIO) port provides a m e a ns for th e syst em to comm un i c a te wi t h external devices . The 8XC1 96 M H device has a two-channel serial I/O port tha t sha r es pins wi th po r ts 1 and 2.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-2 An independent, 15-bit b au d- rate g e nerator control s the bau d ra t e of the serial p o rt . Either XT A L1 or BCLK x can provide the c lock signal for modes 0–3.
7- 3 SERIAL I/O (SI O) PORT INT_ PEND 1 0 012H I nte rru pt Pendi ng 1 Wh en s et , the TI x b it indi cates a pend ing t ra nsmi t interru pt. Wh en s et , the RI x b it in d ica tes a pen d ing rece ive in terrup t. Whe n set, the SP E b it i ndicat es a pen ding seria l port receive error inte rrupt.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-4 7.3 SE RIAL PORT MO DES The serial p o rt has both synch r onous and asynchronous operating modes for transmi s sion and re- ception.
7- 5 SERIAL I/O (SI O) PORT 7.3.1 Synch ron ou s Mo des (Mo des 0 an d 4) The 8XC196MH serial p ort has two sync h ronous modes, mo d e 0 and mo d e 4. M o de 0 is the syn- chrono us m ode available on a l l the 8XC 196 devices th a t have serial p orts.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-6 Dur ing a rec ep tio n, t he R I fla g in S P x _S T A TUS is set aft er the sto p bit i s sample d . The RI x pend- ing bit in the interrupt pending register is se t immedi a tely before the RI flag is set.
7- 7 SERIAL I/O (SI O) PORT In mode 4, writing to SBUF x _TX starts a t ransmission regardle ss of whether RXD x is ena bl ed. However , RXD x m ust be ena ble d t o all ow a re cept ion. If RX D x is ena bled, either a risin g e dge on th e RX D x input or c le ari ng the recei ve int errupt (RI) f lag st arts a recept ion.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-8 Fi g u re 7-4. Ser ial Port Fr ames fo r Mode 1 The transmi t and receive functions are controlled by separa t e shift clocks. The transmi t shift clock starts when the ba ud-rate generat or is initia l i zed. The rece ive shift cloc k is re set when a s t art bit (high-to-low transition) is received.
7- 9 SERIAL I/O (SI O) PORT Figure 7-5. Serial Port Frames in Mode 2 and 3 7.3.2.3 Mode 3 Mo de 3 i s t he asynchronous, nint h -bit mo de. The data fram e for this mo de is identic al to tha t of mode 2 .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-10 7.4 PROG RAMMING THE SERIAL P ORT T o use t he SIO port, y o u m ust co n fig ure the po rt pins to serve as special -fun ction signals and set up the SIO channe ls.
7-11 SERIAL I/O (SI O) PORT 3 REN Re ceive Enab le Sett i ng thi s bit en a bles rece ptions. W hen thi s bit is set, a f alling e dge on th e R XD x pin starts a r eception in mo de 1, 2, or 3. In m o de 0, th is bit must be clea r for transm i ssion to begi n a nd m ust be set for recepti on to b egin .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-12 7.4.3 Program mi ng the Baud Rate and Clock Source The SP x _BAUD regist e r (Figure 7-7) selects the clock input for the baud-rat e generator and de- fines the baud rate for a ll serial I/O modes . (For mode 4 with SC LK x # configured for input, the baud-r ate genera tor i s no t used.
7-13 SERIAL I/O (SI O) PORT 14:0 BV14 :0 These bits co nstit u t e th e BAUD_ V AL UE. Us e t he fo llow i ng equa ti ons t o det er mi ne th e B AUD _V ALU E f or a g iven ba ud r a te .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-14 CAUT ION For mo d e 0 receptions, t he BAUD_V ALUE must be 0002H or grea t er . Othe rwise, t h e re sulting da ta in t he re c e ive shi f t regist er wil l be inc orre c t .
7-15 SERIAL I/O (SI O) PORT 7.4.5 Determi n ing S erial P ort S tatus Y ou can read the SP x _ST A T US register (F igure 7-8) to determi ne the sta tus of the seri a l port.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 7-16 The rece iver chec ks for a valid st op bit. Unle ss a stop bit is f ound w ithin the appropr iate time, t he framing error ( F E) b it in th e SP x _ST A TUS regist er is set.
8 Fr equ ency Generator.
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8- 1 CH A PT ER 8 FREQUE NCY GENE RATOR The 8XC 19 6MD has a peripheral not fo und on other 8XC 196M x devic es — the freque ncy gen- erator . This peri pheral produce s a waveform wi th a fixed duty cycle (50%) and a programma ble frequency (rangin g fr o m 4 kHz to 1 MHz w ith a 16-MHz input clock).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 8-2 The freque ncy register (FREQ_GEN) c ontrols the output freq u e ncy . The frequenc y g e nerator loads the FR EQ_GEN value into t he counter . The counter c o unt s down un til it reac hes zero, a t which time the value is reloaded from the FREQ_GEN regi ster .
8- 3 FREQUENCY GENERATOR 8.2 PROG RAM MING THE F REQ UENC Y G E NE RATOR This secti on explains h ow to configure the frequency generator and dete rmine i ts status. 8.2.1 Con figuring the O utput The frequency generat or’ s output is multiplexe d with P7.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 8-4 8.2.3 Determi ning th e Curren t V a l ue o f the Do wn-c ounter Y ou can rea d the FR EQ_CNT regi ster (Figure 8-3) to dete r m ine the current value of the down- counter .
8-5 FREQUENCY GENERATOR Figure 8-4. Inf rare d Remote C ontrol Appli catio n Bl ock Diagr am Fi gure 8-5. Data En coding Ex ample Thi s p rogr am exam ple was designed t o run on an 8XC1 96MD de mo b oa rd. It uses an EP A ti mer (t ime r 1) a nd com pare c hanne l (COM P3) to pr ovide t he tim ebase f or the one s and z eros.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 8-6 ; followed by a short (1 ms) pause, thus generating a MFM waveform. ; ; This program is asse mbled to run on the MD demo board.
8- 7 FREQUENCY GENERATOR ; temp: dsw 1 temp1: dsw 1 temp2: dsw 1 buf_start: dsw 1 buf_cnt: dsb 1 bit_cnt: dsb 1 flag: dsb 1 ;bit 0 = zero being sent ;bit 1 = one being sent ;bit 5 = get next bit ;bit .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 8-8 stb te mp,freq_gen[0] ;into freq gen ei ;enable interrupts ; ; ;********************* ******************** ; Now send buffer out as serial data bytes ;********************* ******************** ; This section issues a 1 millisecond pulse on P2.
8- 9 FREQUENCY GENERATOR cmpb bu f_cnt,#0 ;see if last byte has been sent jne de c_buf_cnt ;no! ljmp al l_done ;yes! dec_buf_cnt: decb bu f_cnt ;decrement byte count ; get_bit: andb fl ag,#11011111b ;.
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9 W aveform Gen erator.
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9- 1 CH A PT ER 9 W AVE FOR M GE N ERA TOR A waveform generator si mplifie s the t ask of generat ing synchronize d, pulse-widt h modulate d (PWM) out pu ts. This waveform ge n e rator is optimi z e d for motion c ontrol applic a tions s uch as driving 3-ph ase AC induction mot ors, 3-phase DC br ushles s moto r s, or 4-phase step p ing motors.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-2 Figure 9-1. W av eform Generator Blo ck Diagram A2637-01 Timebase Generator Phase Driver One of Three Channels WG_RELOAD Buffer WG_RELOAD Update WG_RELOAD WG_COUNTER = 1 WG Interrupt WG_COUNTER = WG_RELOAD WG_COUNTER Phase Comparator Reload Comparator Dead-time & Output Circuitry P6.
9- 3 W AVEFORM GENERATOR 9.2 WAVEFORM GENE RATO R SIGNAL S AND REGISTER S T abl e 9-1 desc ribes t he wave form generat o r ’ s sig n al s, and T a ble 9 -2 briefl y desc ribes t he cont rol and sta tus regis ters. . T able 9- 1. W avefor m Generator Signals Port Pi n Wa v efo rm Gen erator S ignal T yp e Des criptio n P 6 .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-4 9.3 WAVEFORM GENE RATO R OPERATION This s ectio n describe s the major comp o ne n ts of the wave form ge nerator: the timeba se gene rator , the phase driver c hannels, and the c ontrol and prote c t ion circuit ry .
9- 5 W AVEFORM GENERATOR 9.3.2 Phase Dri ver Ch anne ls The phase driver cha nnels determi n e the duty cyc l e of the outp u t s. Y o u spe cify the duty cycl e by writing a val ue to each phase ’ s c o m pare register (WG_C OMP x ).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-6 The protect ion circ u it r y ( Fig u re 9-3) monitors t he EXT INT pin. When it detects a valid e vent on the input, i t simultaneousl y disables the ou tputs and generate s an EXTINT inte r rupt request.
9- 7 W AVEFORM GENERATOR The WG_RE LOAD register is u p da t ed whe n the counte r val ue reache s the reload val u e. The WG_COUNTE R register i s loaded wit h the updated WG_RE LOAD value, so a new reload value takes effect for t he next cyc le.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-8 The mai n differences be twe en the c enter-aligne d mo des an d among t he edge-aligned m ode s are the event s tha t cont rol regi ster u pda tes. T able 9- 4 lists the e vents t hat can cause regi ste r upda tes and the registers t h at ar e updated in e a ch mode.
9- 9 W AVEFORM GENERATOR 9.3.5.1 Center-aligned M odes In the center- a ligned modes, the co un t er counts down from the WG _ RE LOAD value t o 1, t h en counts back up from 1 to WG_RELO AD. When you wri t e to t he WG_RE LOAD re gister , WG_COUNTE R i s loaded with the rel oad value.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-10 Figure 9-5. Center-ali g n ed Mode s — Output Operation 9.3.5.2 Edge-Alig n ed M odes In the edge-aligned modes, the co u nt er begins at 1 and counts up to the W G_RELOAD val ue. When yo u wri t e to the WG_R ELOAD registe r , WG_COUNTE R i s loaded with 0 0 01H.
9-11 W AVEFORM GENERATOR Figure 9-6. Edge-alig n ed Modes — Cou nter Ope ration Fig u r e 9 - 7 . E d ge- a ligned Modes — Output Oper ation 8XC1 96MH only : The 8XC1 9 6MH devi ce has an additio n al edge - a l i gned mode, mode 4.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-12 9.4 PROG RAMMING THE W AV EFO RM GENERATOR This sect ion expla ins how to configure the wave fo rm generat or and dete rmi ne its status.
9-13 W AVEFORM GENERATOR WG_ OUTPUT (Waveform Genera tor) Address: Reset Sta te: 1FC0 H 000 0 H The wavef orm g enerato r output configura tion (WG_OUTPU T) regi ster cont rols t he configur ation of the wavefo rm g enera to r and PWM m o dule pins. Bot h t he wa vefo rm ge nerat or and the PWM modu le sha re pin s with p ort 6.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-14 10 P H3.2 Pha se 3 Functi on S elects eith er the p ort functio n or the wavefo rm gene rat or ou tpu t fun ctio n for p i ns P6 .
9-15 W AVEFORM GENERATOR 9.4.2 Control ling the Pro tectio n Circui try and EXTINT I nterr upt Gen erati on The protect ion register (Figure 9 -9) controls the prote c t ion circuitry a nd EXTINT inte rr upt r e - qu ests .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-16 9.4.3 Speci fyin g the Carrier Peri od a nd Duty Cycl e The reload regi ster (WG _RELOAD) and the phase c ompare regist ers (WG_COM P x ) co ntrol the car r ie r period an d duty cycl e. Write a val ue to the re load registe r (Figure 9 - 10) to es tablish the car r i er period.
9-17 W AVEFORM GENERATOR 9.4.4 Speci fyin g the Operati ng Mod e and Dead Time and S tarti ng the Co unter The contr o l regist er (Figure 9- 12) specifies the dead time a n d o p e rating mode and enables an d disable s the counte rs. A read -only bit (CS) indic ates the curre nt count direc tio n.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-18 WG_CONTROL Address: Re s et S ta te ( MC, M D): R eset Sta te (M H): 1FC CH 00 C0 H 800 0 H The wavef orm g enerato r control (WG_CONT ROL) registe r con trol s th e ope ra tin g mode , dea d tim e , and coun t d irectio n, and enab les and disa bl es the counte r .
9-19 W AVEFORM GENERATOR 9.5 DET ERM I NING THE W AVEFORM GENE RATO R ’ S STATUS Read WG_CONTROL (Figure 9 -12 on page 9-18) to det ermine the current dead-ti me val ue, counter status, count direc tion, a nd operating mode. Read WG_COUNT ER (F igure 9 -13) to d e - termi n e the current counter value .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-20 T o ena b l e the i nterrupts, set the corresponding ma sk bi ts in the m ask register (se e T a ble 9-2 on page 9-3) and exec ute t he EI inst ruc tion to enable i nte rrupt s ervic ing. Y ou c an read the inte rr upt pending regist er to det ermine whether there a re any pending i nterrupt s.
9-21 W AVEFORM GENERATOR 9.7 .2 E XTINT I nter rupts an d Protec tion Circu itry The protect ion regi ster contai n s two bits, disabl e pr otectio n (DP ) and ena ble out p ut (EO), t hat t o- get h er enabl e and disa ble the wa veform genera tor ’ s o u t puts.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-22 ph3: dsw 1 ;P6.4,5 config eo: dsw 1 ;0=disable output, 1=enable output dp: dsw 1 ;0=enable protection, 1=disable it: dsw 1 ;0=falling edge trig, 1=rising edge es:.
9-23 W AVEFORM GENERATOR ;load WFG registers ; call wgout ;initialize WG_OUTPUT reg ister call loadregs ;initialize reload & comp are regs call protect ;initialize protection call wgcon ;initializ.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 9-24 or temp1,temp ;combine ld temp,p6 ;get p6 bit and temp,#0001h ;mask shl temp,#6 ;move to correct location or temp1,temp ;combine ld temp,ph3 ;get ph3 bits again and temp,#0003h ;mask for ph3.0 & 1 shl temp,#4h ;move or temp1,temp ;combine1 ld temp,ph2 ;get ph2 bits again and temp,#0003h ;mask for ph2.
9-25 W AVEFORM GENERATOR and temp,#0001h ;mask shl temp,#3 ;shift to correct location ld temp1,it ;interrupt type bit and temp1,#0001h ;mask shl temp1,#2 ;shift to correct locatio n or temp,temp1 ;com.
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10 Pulse-width Modulator.
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10 -1 CHAPTER 10 PUL SE -W IDT H MO DUL AT O R The pulse -width modula tor (PWM ) module has two output pins, eac h of which can out put a PWM si gnal w ith a fixed, p rogram mable fre que ncy and a variabl e duty cycle.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 10 -2 Figure 10-1. P W M Block Diagram 10.2 P WM SIGNAL S AND REGI S TE RS T abl e 10- 1 de scribes t he PWM’ s signa ls and T able 1 0 -2 briefl y d esc r ibes t he control and st a t us registe rs. T able 10-1. PWM Signals Port P in PW M Sig n a l PW M Si gnal T y pe De s c ripti on P6.
10 -3 PULSE-WIDTH M ODULATOR 10.3 P WM OP E RATI ON The period re gister ( P WM _PERIOD) c ontrols the output freq u e ncy of both PWM output s. Each control regi ster (P WM x _C ONTROL ) contr o ls the duty cycl e (the p ulsewidt h stated a s a perce nt- age of the period) of the correspon di ng PWM output.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 10 -4 The counter counts down to 00H, at which time the PWM o u tput is driven high, the counter value is re loaded from t he PWM _PERIOD re g ister , an d the content s of the control registers are loaded into the bu ffers.
10 -5 PULSE-WIDTH M ODULATOR where: PWM_PERIOD = 8-b it v alue to l o ad i n to the PWM_PERIOD reg ister F XTAL 1 = in put fr e q uency on XT AL 1 p in, i n MHz T PWM = ou t put p eriod o n the P WM o ut put pi ns, in µ s F PWM = ou tp ut freq u ency o n t he PWM outp ut pi ns, in MHz T able 10 -3.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 10 -6 10.5 P ROGRAM MING TH E DUTY CY CLE The va lues wri t t en to the PWM x _CO NTR OL and PWM_PE RIOD registers control the width of the hi gh pulse, e f fec t ivel y cont rolling the duty cycle .
10 -7 PULSE-WIDTH M ODULATOR 10.5.1 Sam ple C alcula tions For example , assume that F XTAL 1 equa ls 16 MHz a nd the value wri t t en to the PWM_ PER I O D reg - ister is FFH, thus the des ired period of the PWM output wavef o rm i s 8. 19 ms. If PWM x _CONTROL equals 8AH ( 138 decima l), the pulse width i s held hi gh for 4.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 10 -8 10.5.3 Enab l ing the P WM Outp uts Each PWM outp ut is multiplexed with a port pi n, so yo u must configure it as a specia l-function output signa l before u s ing the PWM function .
10 -9 PULSE-WIDTH M ODULATOR WG_ OUTPUT (Waveform Genera tor) Address: Reset Sta te: 1FC0 H 000 0 H The wavef orm g enerato r output configura tion (WG_OUTPU T) regi ster cont rols t he configur ation of the wavefo rm g enera to r and PWM m o dule pins.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 10 -10 10.5.4 Generati ng An alog Ou tputs PWM m odules ca n genera te a recta n g ul ar pul se t rai n that varie s in duty c ycle an d period.
11 Event Pr ocessor Array (EP A).
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11 -1 C HAPT ER 1 1 EVENT PRO CESSOR ARRAY (E P A ) Contr o l applications often req u i re high-speed eve n t control. For example , t h e controller may need to periodic a l ly genera t e pulse-width modulated o u tputs o r an interrupt.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -2 Figure 1 1- 1. EP A Block Diagram 1 1.2 E P A AND T IMER/ COUNT ER SI GNALS AND REGISTERS T abl e 1 1 -2 de scribes t he EP A and time r/counter input a nd output signals. E a ch signal i s multi- plexed wi th a port pi n as shown in t he first co lumn.
11 -3 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) P2 .4 P2 .5 P2 .6 P2 .7 — — P2 .4 P2 .5 P2 .6 P2 .7 P7 .2 P7 .3 P 2.4 P 2.5 P 2.6 P 2.3 — — COMP0 COMP1 COMP2 COMP3 COMP4 COMP5 O Ou tput of the compare-o nly chan nels.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -4 INT_ PEN D 0 009H 0009 H 000 9H In terrup t Pend ing Any set b it in thi s 8-bit reg iste r i ndicat es a pend ing inte rrupt re quest. INT_ PEND1 0 0 12H 0012H 0 0 12H Interr upt Pend i ng 1 Any set b it in thi s 8-bit reg iste r i ndicat es a pend ing inte rrupt re quest.
11 -5 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) 1 1.3 TIMER/C OUNT ER FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW The EP A has tw o 1 6 -bi t up/down timer/counters , time r 1 and timer 2, which can be clocked in- ter n ally o r external ly . Eac h is calle d a time r if it is c locked internal ly an d a counte r if it i s cl ock ed external ly .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -6 Fig u re 1 1-2. EP A Timer/ Counte rs The timer/ counters can be used as time bases for input capture s, output compares , and p ro- grammed i n t er rupts (sof twa r e timers).
11 -7 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) where: pre s caler_d ivisor is th e clock pres cale r d ivisor from the T x CONTROL re gisters (see “Ti m er 1 Control (T 1CONTROL) Reg ister” on p age 1 1- 16 a nd “Ti m er 2 Control (T 2CONTROL) Register” on p age 1 1- 17).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -8 Figure 1 1- 3. Quadrature Mode I nterfa ce T ab le 1 1-4. Quad r atur e Mode T ruth T able Sta te o f X_i nte rnal (T1CLK) S tate of Y_ inte rnal (T1DIR) Co unt .
11 -9 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) Figure 1 1-4. Quadrature Mode Ti min g an d Count 1 1.4 E P A CHANNEL FUNCTIONAL OV ERV IEW The EP A has both programmable c a pture/compa re and compare-only chan n e ls. E a ch cap- ture/c ompare channe l can per f orm the f o ll o w ing tasks.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -10 Each EP A channel has a contr o l register , E P A x _C ON (capture/ compare c hannels) o r COM P x _CON (compare -only channels) ; an eve nt-time regist er , E P A x _T IME (c apt ure/compare channe ls) or COM P x _TIME (compare- only channels); and a time r input (Figure 11-5).
11-11 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) Figure 1 1-6. EP A Simpli fied Input- c apture Structure If a third event occ urs befo r e the CPU reads the event-time re giste r , the ove r writ e b it (EP A x _CON. 0) determines how the EP A will handl e the event.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -12 An input c ap ture e vent does n o t s e t t he interrupt pen d i ng bit until the captured t i me va lue ac tuall y moves from the capture bu f fer into the EP A x _T IME re gist er .
11-13 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) 1 1.4. 1.2 Preventi ng EP A Overru ns An y one of the following methods can be used t o prevent or recover from an EP A overrun si tua- t ion.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -14 The ma ximum output f re quency depends up o n the total interrupt l a t e ncy and the i nt errup t-se r vi ce executi on tim es used b y your system.
11-15 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) W i th thi s method, the resolut ion o f the EP A (sel ec ted by the T x CO NT R OL regi ste rs; se e Fig ure 1 1 -8 on page 1 1- 16 and Figure 11-9 on page 1 1 - 17) det ermine s t he maximum PWM output f r e - quenc y .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -16 T1CONTROL Address: Reset Sta te: 1F 78 H 00 H The t i mer 1 con trol (T1CONTROL ) registe r determ ines the clo c k sou rce, coun ti ng dire ction, an d count ra te for tim e r 1 .
11-17 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) T2CONTROL Address: Reset Sta te: 1F 7CH 00 H The t i mer 2 con trol (T2CONTROL ) registe r determ ines the clo c k sou rce, coun ti ng dire ction, an d count ra te for tim e r 2 .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -18 1 1. 5. 3 Prog ram mi ng the Capture/ Co m pare Ch ann els The EP A x _C ON register control s the function of its ass igned capture / com pare channel . The reg- isters are i dentic a l w ith the except ion of bit 2.
11-19 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) EP A x _CON x = 0 –1 ( 8XC196 MH) x = 0 –3 ( 8XC196 MC) x = 0 –5 ( 8XC196 MD) Address: Reset Sta te: S ee T abl e 1 1- 3 o n pa ge 1 1- 3 00H The EP A control (EP A x _CON) registe rs cont ro l the f unctio ns of th eir a s signed capture /comp are cha n n els.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -20 3 R E Re -en ab le Re- enab le applie s to the comp are mode on ly . It allows a compa re even t to continue to e xecute each time the e vent-ti me re gist er (EP A x _ TIME) match es the ref ere nce time r rather tha n o nly up on the first time match.
11-21 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) 1 ROT Rese t Oppo site Ti m er Con trols d iffer e n t functi ons for cap ture a nd com pare mod es. In Cap ture Mode: 0 = ca uses no actio n 1 = re sets the opposite timer In Compa re Mo de: Sele c ts the time r that is t o be reset if th e R T bi t is set .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -22 1 1. 5.4 Prog ramm ing the Compare -only Chan nel s T o program a compar e ev e n t, you must f irst write t o the COM P x _C ON regist er (Figure 1 1- 1 1) to configure the c ompare-only channe l a nd then load the event tim e i nto COMP x _TIM E.
11-23 EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EP A) 1 1.6 E NABLING THE E P A IN TERRUPTS T o enabl e the interrupts, se t the corre sponding bits in t he INT _ MASK register (Figure 5-7 o n page 5- 15).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 11 -24 1 1.7 DE TERMINING EV ENT S TATUS In compare mode, an in te r rupt p e nding bit is s et each time a matc h oc curs on an enabled event (even if the inte r rupt is spec ifically ma sked in the ma sk r e giste r ).
12 Analog-to-d igital Converter.
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12 -1 CHAPTER 12 ANALO G -TO -DIG ITA L (A/D) CON VER TE R The anal o g-to- digital (A/D) c onve rter can convert an analog input volt age to a digit al value and set the A/D interrupt pendin g bit when it stores the resul t.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -2 12.2 A/ D CONV ERTE R SIGNAL S AND REGIS TER S T abl e 12 -1 lists the A/ D signal s and T abl e 12- 2 describe s the contr o l a nd status r e gisters . Al - though the analog inputs are multiplexed with I/O port pins, no configuration is necessar y .
12 -3 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER 12.3 A/ D CONV E RTE R OPER ATI ON An A/ D conversion c o nverts a n analog input vo ltage to a digital val u e , stores t h e result in the AD_RESUL T re gister , and se t s t he A/ D inte rr upt pendin g bit.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -4 Once the A/D co nverte r receives the c omma nd to s ta rt a c on version, a delay t ime elapse s before sampli ng begins.
12 -5 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER 12.4.1 Prog ram mi ng the A/D T es t Register The AD_TEST regist er (Fig u re 12 - 2) anal og speci fies an o f fset voltage to be a pplied t o the r esi s- tor ladde r . T o use the z ero-of fset adjust men t, first perform two conversi ons, on e on ANGND and on e o n V REF .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -6 12.4.3 Prog ramm ing the A/ D Tim e Re g ister T wo parame ters, sam ple t im e and conversion ti me, control the t im e required for an A/D conver- sion. The sampl e time i s the length of time that the anal og in put voltage i s ac tua lly conne ct ed to the sa mple c apacito r .
12 -7 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER 12.4.4 Prog ram mi ng the A/D Comm an d Regis ter The A/D comm and regist er c ontr ols the operat ing mode, the a nal og in p ut channel, an d the con- version trig ger .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -8 12.4.5 Enab ling the A/ D Inte rrupt The A/D converter can set t he A/D int errup t pen d ing bit when it c ompletes a con v ersion or wh en the i np u t voltage cross es the thres hold va lue in the se l ect ed dire ction.
12 -9 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER 12.5 DE T ERMI NING A / D ST ATUS AND CONVE RSION RESULT S Y ou can re ad the AD_ RESUL T register (Fig u re 12-6) to determine the s tatus of the A/D c o nvert- er .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -10 12. 6 DE SIG N C ONS IDER AT ION S This secti on descri bes consi dera tio ns for the exte r nal inte rface circuit ry and descri bes t he errors that can occ ur in any A/D convert er .
12-11 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER T ypic a lly , the (R F / A V + 1) te rm is the ma jor contribut or to t he tot al resi st ance an d t h e factor that determi nes the mini mum sam ple tim e specifie d in the da tashee t.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -12 12.6.1.2 Su ggested A/D I nput Circui t The sugges ted A /D inp ut c i rcui t s ho wn in Figu r e 12-8 provides limited prot e c t i on against o v e r - volt age cond i tions on the analog in pu t .
12-13 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER ANGND should be w i t hin about ± 5 0 mV of V SS . V REF should be well regulated a nd use d only for the A/D c onverte r . The V REF supply can be betwee n 4.5 and 5.5 volts and must be able t o sour ce approximately 5 mA (see the datashee t for actual specifications).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -14 In many appli cations, i t i s less c ritical to re cord the absolut e a c curacy of a n input than it i s t o de- tect tha t a cha n ge has oc curred. This a pproa ch is accepta ble as lon g as the convert er is mono t onic and has n o m issing code s .
12-15 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER Figure 12-9. Ideal A/D Conversion Character isti c Note t hat t he idea l characteri stic posse sses unique qualities: • its first code transi tio n occurs when t he input v oltage is 0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -16 Figure 12-10. Actual a nd Ideal A/D Conversi o n Characteristi cs The actua l c hara cteristic o f a hypothetica l 3 -bit convert er i s not perfec t.
12-17 ANA LOG-TO- DIGI TAL (A /D) CONVERTER Differentia l nonlinea r i ty i s the degre e to which a c tual code w idths dif fer from the idea l one -LSB width. It provides a meas u re of how muc h the i nput voltage m ay have changed in order to produce a o ne-count cha nge i n t he c o nversi on resul t.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 12 -18 Figure 12-1 1. T erminal-based A/D Conv ersion Characteristic IDEAL FULL-SCALE CODE TRANSITION ACTUAL FIRST TRANSITION 1 / 2 123 45 67 8 6 1/2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 .
13 Minimum H ardwar e Considerat ions.
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13 -1 CHAPTER 13 MINIM UM HARDWARE CONSIDE RAT IONS The 8X C196MC , MD, and M H have se veral basic require ments for opera t i on within a system. This chapt er describes o p tions for p roviding the basic req u irements and discusses other hardware considerat ions.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 13 -2 13.1.1 Unused I npu ts For predic tabl e performanc e , it i s i mportant to tie unused in pu t s to V CC or V SS . Othe rwise, they can floa t t o a mid -v ol tage l e vel and draw excessive current . Unuse d interrupt inputs may generate spur ious i nte r r upt s i f left unconnected.
13 -3 MINIMUM HARDWARE CONSIDERATI ON S Figure 13 -1. Minimum Hardware Conn ect ions ALE ANGND INST XTAL1 XTAL2 V CC (Note 2) 0.01 µF BUSWIDTH NMI READY V CC Port 5 / Bus Control (Note 4) 20 pF 20 pF (Note 1) 4.7 µF + V CC + 1 µF 1 M RESET# BHE# WR# RD# EA# + 1 µF V CC V CC A2643-03 V SS V PP V REF 8XC196 Device V CC Notes: 1.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 13 -4 13.2 AP PLYI NG AND REMOVI NG POWER When power is first applied to the device, RESE T# must re m ain conti nuously low for at least one state ti me aft er the p ower supply is wit hin tole ranc e an d the oscilla tor/ clock ha s stabi lized; oth - erwise, operat ion might b e un p re dictable.
13 -5 MINIMUM HARDWARE CONSIDERATI ON S If the A/D converter wil l be used, conne ct V REF to a separa te reference supply to m ini mi ze noise durin g A/ D conve rs ions. Eve n if the A/D converte r wil l not be use d, V REF and ANGND must be connected to provide power t o po rt 0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 13 -6 Figure 13-4 shows the c o nnections betwe en the external crystal and the device. When designing an external osc i l la t or circuit, conside r the effects of p arasi tic board c apac i t ance, extended oper - ating tempe ratures, and cryst a l specifications.
13 -7 MINIMUM HARDWARE CONSIDERATI ON S 13.5 US ING AN E XTERNAL C LOCK SOURCE T o use an external c l ock source, apply a cloc k s ig n al to XT AL1 and le t XT AL2 f loat (Figure 13-5).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 13 -8 13.6 R E SE TT ING THE DE VICE Res et f o r ces the device into a known state. As soon as RESET# is asserted, the I/O pins, the con- trol pins, a nd the regist ers are dri ven to their re s et states.
13 -9 MINIMUM HARDWARE CONSIDERATI ON S The 8XC196M H provides the o ption of an internal-only re set or an internal rese t that is also re- flect ed exte rnally ( by the RESE T# pin). T he GEN_C ON re gister controls w hether a n interna l re- set ass erts the e x t erna l R ESET# si g na l and i ndicate s the s o urc e of the most rec ent reset.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 13 -10 Figur e 13 -9. Internal Reset Circuit ry 13.6.1 Generati ng an E xternal Res et T o re se t the de v ic e, hold the R ESET # pin l ow for at least one st a te t ime af ter the powe r supply i s within tol erance and the osci llator has sta bilized.
13-11 MINIMUM HARDWARE CONSIDERATI ON S Figure 13-10. Minim um R eset Circuit Other device s in the sys t e m may not be reset because the capa citor will keep the voltage a bove V IL . Since RE SET# i s asserted fo r on ly 16 state times, it may be ne c essa ry to le ngthen an d buf fer the syst em-reset pul se .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 13 -12 13.6.2 Issui ng the Res et (RST) I n struc tion The RST inst ruct ion (o pcode FFH) resets t he devi ce by pulli ng RES ET# lo w f or 16 state times. It also c le ars the p r o cess o r sta tus word (PSW), sets the master program counter (PC ) t o 2 080H, and resets the spec ial function regist ers (SFRs).
13-13 MINIMUM HARDWARE CONSIDERATI ON S Y ou mus t write two consec utive bytes to the wa tch d o g re gist er (location 0AH) to cl ear it. For the 8XC196MC a n d MD, the first byte must be 1EH and the second must be E1H. For the 8XC196MH, t h e first byte must also be 1EH; however , the second byte can be one of four values.
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14 Special Op erating Modes.
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14 -1 CHAPTER 14 SPE CIA L OPE RATI NG M ODES The 8XC1 9 6MC , MD, and MH provide two power savin g mode s : id le and powerdown. They also provide an on-circ uit emulation (ONC E) mode t hat electricall y isolate s the device from the other syste m component s.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 14 -2 P5.4 ONCE# I On- circuit Em u lation Ho l d ing ON CE# low d urin g t h e risin g edge of RES ET# p laces the device int o on-circuit emu latio n (ONCE) m ode .
14 -3 SPECIAL OPERATING MODES 14.2 RE DUCI NG POWE R CONS UM PTI ON Both p o w er -sa v i ng modes conserve power by disa bling portions of t h e internal cloc k c ircui try (Figure 14-1).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 14 -4 Figure 14-1. Clock Control Dur ing Pow er-saving Modes 14.3 I DLE MOD E In idle m o de , the devic e’ s power consumption d ecrease s to approximat ely 40% of normal con- sumption. Inte rnal logic holds the CPU clocks a t logi c z ero, ca u s ing the C PU to stop execut ing instruct ions.
14 -5 SPECIAL OPERATING MODES The device ent ers i dle mode after executi ng the IDLPD # 1 instruct ion. Any enabled inte rrupt sour ce, eithe r internal or exter n al, o r a hardware reset can c ause the device t o exit idle mode.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 14 -6 14.4.2 Enteri ng P owerd own Mo de Before ente ring powerdown, compl ete the following tasks: • Comple te all seri a l port transmis sions or recepti o ns.
14 -7 SPECIAL OPERATING MODES 14.4.3.3 As sertin g the Ext ernal Inter rupt Signal The final way to e xit powerdown mode is t o assert the exte rnal interrupt signal (EXTINT ) for a t least 50 ns. Al thoug h E XTINT is norma l l y a sampled input, the powe r down circui try uses it as a level-sensitive input.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 14 -8 Figure 14-3. E x ternal RC Circuit During normal operation (before entering powerdown mode), an internal pull-up holds the V PP pin at V CC . When an external i nterrupt si gnal is asserte d, the inte rnal oscillato r circ uitry is enabled and turns on a weak inte rnal pul l-down .
14 -9 SPECIAL OPERATING MODES Fig u r e 14-4. T ypical V ol tage on th e V PP Pin W hile E xiting Powerdown Selec t a resi st or t hat wi ll n ot int erfe re wi th the disc h arge current. In most c as es, val ues bet ween 20 0 k Ω and 1 M Ω should pe r form satisfac torily .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 14 -10 When sele c ting the c apacito r , determ ine the wo r s t-case di scharge time ne eded for the osci llator to stabilize, t hen use this form ula to calculate an appropria te va l ue for C 1 .
14-11 SPECIAL OPERATING MODES Holding the ONC E# signal low during the rising edge of R E SET# cause s t he d e vice to enter ONCE m ode. T o prevent accidenta l entr y into ONCE mode, we highl y rec omme nd con figuring this pi n a s a n output .
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15 Interfacing with External M emory.
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15 -1 CHAPTER 15 INTERFAC ING WIT H EXTERN AL MEMORY The mi crocontroller ca n interfac e w ith a va riety of ext ernal m emory devices. It suppor t s e i t her a fixed 8-bit data bus width, a fixed 1.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -2 ALE P5. 0 O Addre ss L atch En able This active -high output sig nal is asserted o nly durin g extern a l mem ory cycles. ALE signa ls the start of an exte rn al b u s cycle a n d indica tes th at v alid address inf ormation is availabl e o n the system address/data bus.
15 -3 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY EA# — I Extern al Access This i n p ut de ter m i n es wheth er memor y access es to special-purp ose and pro gra m mem ory par titi on s are dire ct ed to i n te rna l or extern a l memory . (See T abl e 4-1 o n p age 4-2 for address ra nges of speci al- purpo se a n d prog ram me mory p arti tions.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -4 WRH# P5.5 O Wr ite Hig h † Duri ng 16-bit bus cycles, this active-lo w outpu t signal is asserte d for high -byte writ es and wo rd wr i t es to e xternal m emor y . Durin g 8-b it bus cycles, WRH# is as s erte d f o r a l l write op er ati o ns.
15 -5 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY 15.2 CHI P CONFIGURAT IO N REG ISTERS AND CHIP CONF IGURATI ON BY TES T w o chi p configuration re gisters (CC Rs) have bi ts that set param eters for c h i p operati o n a nd ex- ternal bus cycles. The CCR s cannot be access ed by code.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -6 When the m icrocontroll er retu rns from reset, the bus controll er fetche s the CCBs a nd loads them into the CCRs . From this point, thes e CCR bit val ues defi ne the chip confi guratio n until the mi- crocontrol l e r is rese t again.
15 -7 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY CCR0 no direct ac c e ss† The chip config ura tion 0 ( CCR0) registe r contro ls power do wn m o de , b us-con tro l sig nals, an d i nt ern al mem ory prot ection . Three o f its bi ts comb in e wi th two b its of CCR1 to contro l wait s tates an d bu s wid th.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -8 3 AL E Addre s s V alid Strob e a n d Write Stro be The se b its defi ne which bu s-con tro l si gnal s will be g ener ate d du rin g ext ernal read and write cy c l es.
15 -9 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY CCR1 no direct access † The chip con fi gurati on 1 (CCR1) re gister e n a b l es the wat chdog ti mer a nd sele cts the b us timin g mod e. T wo o f its bit s combi ne with three bits of CCR0 to control wait states and bus widt h.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -10 15.3 BUS WIDT H AND MULT IPL EXI NG The exte rnal b us ca n operat e a s eit her a 16-bit mul tiplexed addres s/da ta b u s o r as a mul tiple xed 16-bit address/8-bit data bus ( Fig ure 15-3). 1 IRC2 Ready Co n t r ol This bi t, along with IRC0 (CCR0 .
15-11 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY Figure 15-3. Multipl exing and Bus Width Options After reset, but befo r e the CCB fet ch, the m icrocont r oller i s configure d for 8-bit bus mode, re- gardless of the BUSWIDTH inp u t. The up p er address lines (AD15:8) are weakly drive n thr o ugh- out the CC B0 and CCB 1 bus cycles .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -12 Figure 15-4. BUSWI D TH T i ming Diagram (8XC196MC, MD) Figure 15-5. BUSWIDTH Ti m ing Di agram ( 8XC196MH) AD15:0 XTAL1 BUSWIDTH ALE CLKOUT † T AVGV T CLGX (min) Valid A3162-01 Address Out Data In † The CLKOUT pin is available only on the 8XC196MC, MD.
15-13 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY . The B USWIDTH sig n a l can be used i n numer o us applications. For e x a mple, a syst em could st o re code in a 16-bit memo ry device and data in an 8-bit me mory de vice. The BUSWIDT H si gnal could be tied to the chip-select inp ut of t he 8 -bi t m emory device (shown in Figure 15-13 on page 15-24).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -14 15.3.2 16-bit Bu s Timings When the microc ontroller is configured to operat e in the 16 - bi t bus-width mo de, l ines AD15 :0 fo rm a 16-b it mult ip l exed add r e ss / data bus. Figure 15 -6 s h o ws an ide a liz ed timing dia gram for the external read a nd write c ycles.
15-15 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY Figure 15 -6. Timings for 1 6 - bit Buses XTAL1 CLKOUT † ALE BUSWIDTH AD15:0 (read) RD# INST AD15:0 (write) WR# Address Out Data Out Data In Address Out Valid Valid A3163-01 † The CLKOUT pin is available only on the 8XC196MC, MD.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -16 15.3.3 8-bit Bu s Timings When the microc ontroller i s configured to opera t e in t h e 8-bit bus mode, l ines AD7:0 form a m ul- tiplexed lowe r address and data bus. Lines AD15:8 are not mult ip lexed; the upper a ddress is latched and rema ins valid throughout th e b us cycle.
15-17 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY Figure 15-7. T imin gs for 8-bit Buses 15.4 W AIT ST A TES (R EADY CONTR OL ) An externa l device c a n use the READ Y input to lengthe n an exte rnal bus cycl e. When an external address is placed o n the bus, the external devic e can pull the READY si gnal low to indica te it is not ready .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -18 After t he CCB1 fe tch, th e intern al ready cont rol c ircuitry allows slow e xterna l me mory device s to increase the lengt h of the read and wri t e bus cycles.
15-19 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY Figure 1 5 -8. READY Timing Diagr a m — One W ait Stat e (8XC196MC, MD) T AVYV T CLYX (max) T CLYX (min) Address Out Data Out Address Out Data Address AD15:0 (write) WR# AD15:0 (read) RD# READY ALE CLKOUT † A3165-01 † The CLKOUT pin is available only on the 8XC196MC, MD.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -20 Figure 15-9. R EADY T iming Diagram — One W ai t State (8XC196 M H ) T a ble 15-5. READ Y Signal Tim ing Defi niti o n s Symb ol De finitio n T AV YV Addr e s.
15-21 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY 15.5 BUS-CON TROL M ODES The ALE and WR bi ts ( CCR 0.3 an d CCR0.2) define which bus-control signals wi l l be generated durin g external read and write c ycles. T a ble 15-6 lists the f our bus-c ontrol modes and shows the CCR0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -22 15.5.1 Standa rd Bus-contro l Mod e In the s t anda rd bus-control m o de , the microc ontroll er genera tes the sta ndard bus-c on tr o l signal s: ALE, RD#, WR #, an d BHE# (see Figure 15- 10). ALE is asserted while the addre ss is driven, and it can b e used to latch the address e x t ernally .
15-23 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY Figure 15- 12 shows an 8-bit system with both flash and RAM . T h e f la sh is the lower half of mem- ory , an d the RAM is t he uppe r half. This syst em config uration uses the most-signifi ca nt addres s bit (A D15) a s the c hip-select si gnal and ALE a s the a ddress-l a tch signal.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -24 Figure 15-13 shows a s yste m t hat uses the dynamic bus-width feature. (The C C R b it s, B W 0 and BW1, are set.) Code is exe cuted from the two E PROMs and data is stored in the byte -wide RAM. The RAM i s in hi g h me mory .
15-25 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY 15.5.2 Write Strobe M od e The writ e s trobe m ode e limi nat es the nee d to e xte rnally deco de hi gh- an d low-byte writes to a n external 16-bit R AM or fla sh device in 16-bit bus mode.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -26 Figure 15- 15 shows a 16-bit syste m with two EPROM s and two R AMs. It is config u re d to use the write strobe m ode. ALE latches the address; AD 15 is the chi p-select signa l for t he me mory devices . W RL# i s a s serted duri n g l ow byte wri t e s and wo r d writes.
15-27 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY 15.5.3 Address V al id Stro be Mode When the addres s valid st r obe m ode is s elec ted, the mi crocont roller gene rat es the a ddre ss va lid signal ( AD V#) inst e ad of the addre ss latch e nable signal (AL E).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -28 Figure 15- 18 a n d F igure 15- 1 9 show sa mple circui ts that u s e t he addres s valid strobe mode. Fig- ure 15-18 shows a s i mple 8-bit system wi th a single flash. It is c onfigured for the address valid strobe mode.
15-29 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY Figure 15-19 s h ows a 1 6 -bi t syste m with two EP ROMs. T his syst em confi g ura t io n uses the ADV# signal as both the EPROM chi p -select signal and the ad d ress-latch signal .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -30 15.5.4 Address V al id with Write Strob e Mode When the a ddress vali d with write s t robe mode is sel e cte d, the mic ro controll er generat es the ADV#, RD#, WRL #, a n d WRH# bus-contr ol s ignal s. This mo de i s used for a simpl e system us- ing an ext ernal 16-bit d ata bus.
15-31 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY Figure 15- 2 1. 16-bit System with RAM 15 . 6 SYSTEM BUS A C T IMING S PECIFI CATIONS Refer to the lates t datas h eet fo r the AC t i mings to make sure your system meets specific a t ions. The ma jor exte rnal bus t iming s pecificat ions are shown in Fi g ure 15- 22 .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -32 Figure 15 -22. System Bus Timing XTAL1 CLKOUT † ALE/ADV# RD# WR# BHE#, INST T XTAL1 T XHCH T CHCL T CLCL T CLLH T LLCH T LHLH T LHLL T LLRL T RLRH T RHLH T RH.
15-33 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY 15.6.1 Expl anation of AC S ymbo ls Each s ymbol consis ts of t wo pai rs of letters prefixe d by “T” (for time). The cha rac ters i n a pai r indicat e a signal and its condit ion, re spectivel y . Symbols repre sent the t ime bet ween the t wo sig- nal/condition points.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 15 -34 T a b l e 15-9. Mi crocontroller Meets Th e se Specif icatio n s Symb ol Defin ition T AV LL Add ress Setup to A LE / ADV# Low Le ng th of t im e a d dr ess is valid b e fore ALE/ ADV# falls. Usefu l when using a n e xter nal latch to de multipl ex th e addre s s from the add ress data bus .
15-35 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEM ORY T WHA X Address (high byte) Hold a fter WR# High Mi ni mum time the high byte o f th e addre s s ( whe n u sin g a n 8-bit da ta bus) is val id af ter the mi crocon trolle r deasse rts WR# .
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16 Pr ogra mming the Nonvolatil e Memory.
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16 -1 CHAPTER 16 PROG RAM MI NG THE NONVO L AT ILE ME MO RY The 87C 1 96MC and 87C196M D contain 16 Kbyte s of one-time-programmable re ad - onl y mem- ory (OTP ROM ); the 87C1 96MH c ontains 32 Kbytes. OT PROM i s s imi lar to EPR OM, but i t comes i n a n unwin d owed pac kage and cannot be erase d.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -2 mode, you can program and verify single or multip le words in the OTPROM. This m o de allows y o u t o re ad t h e s i gnatu r e word and program ming voltages and to program the PCCBs and unera sabl e PROM (UPR OM ) bits.
16 -3 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.3 S ECURITY F EATURES Several security features enable you t o control access to both internal and external memory . Read and write pr o tection bit s in the chip configurat ion register ( CCR0), combined with a securit y key , allow vari ous level s of inte rnal mem ory protection.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -4 16.3.1.1 Contr o l l ing Acces s to th e OTPROM Dur ing Normal Operation Du r ing norm al operat ion, the loc k bits in CCB0 cont r ol rea d and write ac c esse s to the OTP ROM. T abl e 1 6 -2 descri bes t he options.
16 -5 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY These p r otectio n leve ls are provided by the PCC B0 lock bits, the CC B0 lock bits, an d the internal securit y key (T abl e 16-3). When entering programming modes, the rese t s eq u ence l oads the PCCB s into t he chi p confi guratio n regi s ters.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -6 Y ou can prog ram th e in t ernal secu r i ty key in either aut o or slave prog ramm ing mode. Onc e the securit y key is prog ramm ed, y ou must provide a matchi ng key to gai n access to any prog ramming mode.
16 -7 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY Y ou can verify a UPRO M b i t to ma ke sure it p rogram med, but you cannot erase it. For this reas on, Intel cannot test the bits before shipment.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -8 16.4 P ROG RAMMI NG P ULSE WIDTH The programming p u l se w idth is controlled in dif ferent ways, dependi n g o n t he prog ramming mode. In slave programming mode, the pulse width is c ontrolle d b y the P AL E# signal .
16 -9 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.5 M ODIFIE D QUIC K-PULS E ALGORI THM Both the slave and auto progr a mming routin e s use the modified quick -p ulse a lgorithm (Fig u re 16-3) . The modi f ied quick-pulse algorithm se n ds p ro gra m ming pulses t o each OTPROM word location.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -10 Figur e 16-3. Modi fi ed Quick-pulse Algori thm Auto prog ra mm ing repeats the p u lse twice (for the 87C196MC, MD) o r fi ve times (for the 87C196MH ), us ing t he pulse w idth you s peci fy in the externa l EPROM .
16-11 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.6 P R OG R AM MING M ODE PINS Figure 16-4 illustrates the signals used in programming and T able 16-6 de scri bes them. The EA#, V PP , and PMODE pins combine t o control entry into programm ing modes . Y ou m u s t co n figure the PMODE (P0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -12 P2.2 PROG# I Sl ave Progr amming Duri n g p rogramm ing, a falli n g ed g e l atches data o n t h e P BUS an d be gins prog ram m ing, whi le a r isi n g edge e n ds pro g r a mmi n g .
16-13 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.7 E NT ERING PROG RAMM I NG MODE S T o execute programs p roperl y , the devic e must have thes e m i nimum hardware c onnections: XT A L1 dr iven, u nu sed input pins strapped, an d power and grounds applied.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -14 16.7.2 Powe r-up an d Power-dow n Sequ ence s When you are ready t o be g in pr o gra mming, foll ow these power-up and power -down procedures. W ARNING Fail ure to observe these warnings will cause permane nt devic e damage.
16-15 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.8 SLA VE PRO GRAM M ING M ODE Sl ave prog ramm ing mode allows you t o program and verify th e entire OTPROM array , including the PCC Bs and UPR OM bits, by usin g an EPR OM programmer . In this mode, ports 3 and 4 serve as t he PB US, transferri ng comma nds, a d dresse s, and data.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -16 16.8.2 Slave Pro gram mi ng Circu it an d Mem o ry Ma p Figure 16- 5 shows the circuit diagram an d T abl e 16-9 shows the m emory map f o r slave p ro gra m- min g mode. The external cloc k signal can be supplied by eithe r a clock or a c rystal.
16-17 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.8.3 Operati ng Envi ro nm en t The chip c onfi g ura tio n re gisters (C CR s) define the sys t e m envi ronment. Si n ce t he programming environment is not necessarily the same as t h e applicatio n environment, the de vice provides a means for spe cifying dif ferent configurat ions.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -18 CCR1, CCR0 no d irect a cce ss The chip conf igura tio n registe rs (CC Rs ) control wait st ates, powe rdown mo de, an d i ntern al m emor y protecti o n. T hese regi sters are loaded fro m the P CCBs durin g pro gramming modes a n d fr om the CCBs for norm al opera ti on .
16-19 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.8.4 Slave Pro gramm ing Routi nes The sla ve pr ogrammi ng mode algorithm c onsists of three ro ut ines: the address/co mmand decod- ing routine, the program word rou tine, and t he dump word rou tin e.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -20 Figure 16 -7. Addre ss/Command Deco ding Routi ne Yes No Other Modes A0193-02 PMODE = 05H ? PALE# (P2.1) = 0 ? Yes PVER (P2.0) = 1 ? Yes Read Data From PBUS No PALE# (P2.1)= 0 ? Check Address P3.
16-21 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY Figure 16- 8 . Progr am Word Rout ine A0194-03 No PROG# (P2.2)=0 ? From Address/ Command Decoder Read Data from PBUS No Lock Bits Enabled ? Yes Verify Security Key Keys Match ? Yes Programming Verifies ? Yes No Loop Forever No Deassert PVER (P2.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -22 Figure 16- 9 shows the t i m ings of the program w o rd com m a nd wi th a repeated progr amm ing pulse and auto incre ment. Ass erting P ALE# l atches the c omm and and address on t he PB US. Assert ing PROG# l atc hes the data on the PB US and starts t he pr ogrammi n g sequence .
16-23 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY Figure 16-10. Dump Word Routine A0189-03 Yes Lock Bits Enabled ? No PROG# (P2.2) = 0 ? Yes Get Data from OPTROM Yes PROG# (P2.2) = 1 ? PALE# (P2.1) = 0 ? Yes No No Increment Address by 2 AINC# (P2.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -24 Figure 16- 1 1 shows th e timings of the dump w or d com mand. P ROG# governs when the device drives the bus. T he timi ngs bef o re the dump word co mmand are the same as those sho wn in F ig- ure 16-9 . In the dump word mode, the AINC # pin can rema in active and toggli ng.
16-25 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.9 AUT O PROGRAMMING MODE The auto program ming mode is a low-cost prog ramming a lte rnative . Using thi s prog ramming mode, the device program s i tse lf with da ta from an e xterna l EPROM (ext ernal locations 4000H and above; se e T able 16 -1 on page 1 6-3).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -26 Figure 16-12. Auto Programming Circuit 270k Ω +5.0V XTAL1 20 pF 20 pF XTAL2 P2.7/PACT# P2.5 P2.4 P2.3 P2.2 P2.1 P2.0/PVER RESET# +12.50V 100 k Ω 1 k Ω 10µF 74HC14 1.0µF Reset EA# V PP V REF P0.7/ PMODE.
16-27 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY 16.9.2 Operati ng Envi ro nm en t In the au to prog r amm ing mode, the PC C Bs are loa ded into the chip confi guration regist e rs.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -28 Fig ure 16-13. Aut o Programmi ng Routine No Other Modes Loop Forever A0191-03 PMODE = 0CH ? No Lock Bits Enabled ? Load PPW Yes No Pass ? Ye.
16-29 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY If the s ecurit y key verific a ti on is successful , the routine loads the progra mming p u l se width (PPW) va lue from the external EPROM into the interna l PPW re gister . It then ass erts P ACT#, in- dicating that programming has begun.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -30 2. Using anothe r blan k EPROM devic e, follow thes e ste ps to progra m only CCB 0. — Place the programmin g pu lse w idth (PP W) in ext ernal locati ons 14H–15 H . — Pl ace the appro priate C C B0 va lue in external loca tio n 40 18H.
16-31 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY Figure 1 6-14 shows the rec ommended c ircuit for PCC B and UPROM progr amm ing. I n these cir - cuits, the PBUS hol ds data to be w r i tten to the OTPR OM, P AL E# begins programming, and PVER drives an LED tha t lights to indicat e success f ul programm ing.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL 16 -32 Assert P A LE# to begi n prog ramm ing. The alg o ri thm sends five progra mming pulses that wri t e the port 3 d ata to t h e OT P ROM , then it compares t h e in p ut data wi th the programmed data. If the programmin g verifi es, the PVER sig n al lig h ts the LE D to indicat e succe ssful programming.
16-33 PRO GRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEM ORY The calli ng routi ne must pass tw o para mete rs t o this routine — the dat a to be prog rammed ( in DA T A _T EMP) and the ad dress (in ADDR_T EMP).
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A Instruction Set Re fer enc e.
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A- 1 APPENDI X A INST RUCT ION SET REF ERENCE This appe n dix p r ovi des referenc e i nforma t ion for the instructi o n s et of the family o f MCS ® 96 microcont r ol l er s.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-2 T able A -1. Opcode Map ( L eft Half) Opco de x 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 0 x SKIP CLR NOT NEG X CH di DEC EXT IN C 1 x CLRB NOTB NEGB XC HB di DECB EXTB INCB .
A- 3 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE T able A-1. O pcode M ap (Right Half) Opco de x 8 x 9 x A x B x C x D x E x F 0 x SHR SHL SHRA XCH ix SHRL SHLL SHRAL NORML 1x SHRB SHLB SHRAB X CHB ix 2 x SCAL L 3 x JB.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-4 T able A-2. Processor S t atus Word (PSW) Flags Mne moni c Desc ription C The carry f lag is set t o i nd icat e a n arith metic carr y fr o m th e M SB of the ALU or th e state of t h e la st bit shift ed ou t of a n op erand .
A- 5 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE T abl e A-3 sh o ws the effect of the PSW flags or a spec i fied condit ion o n condi t io n al jump instr u c- tions. T able A-4 define s t he symbol s used in T able A-6 to show th e effect of e ach instruc tion on the PSW flags.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-6 T abl e A-5 defines the vari abl es that are used in T able A-6 t o repre se nt t he inst r uction opera n ds. T able A-5. Operand V ariables V aria bl e Descri ption aa A 2-b it fie l d withi n an opco de th at se l e cts the basic a ddre ssing mo de use d.
A- 7 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE T able A- 6. Inst ruction Set Mne monic Operati on Instruc tion Forma t ADD (2 ope ran ds) ADD WORDS. Adds the source a n d destin atio n word oper a n ds a n d store s the sum i nto th e de stin ati on o pe rand.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-8 A DDCB ADD BY TES WITH CA RRY . A dds the sou rce and de stinat i o n b y te op e rands a n d the carry f lag (0 o r 1 ) a nd st ores th e s um in to the destin atio n ope rand.
A- 9 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE AND B (3 ope ran ds) L O GI CAL AND BYTES . ANDs the two sou rce byte o perands a nd sto res the result in to the destin atio n ope rand. T he resu lt h as o nes in only t he bi t posi ti o ns in wh ich bo th oper ands had a “1” and zeros in all othe r bit positio ns .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-10 B MOVI INT ERRUPTIBLE B LOCK MOV E. Mo v es a block of word data fro m o n e l ocat ion in memo r y to a n oth e r .
A-11 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE CL RB CL EAR B YTE. Cle ars t he val u e of the ope ran d. (DEST) ← 0 DE S T CL RB bre g (0 0010 001) (br e g) P SW Fla g Settin gs ZN CV V T S T 1000 — — CLRC CLEAR CA RR Y FLA G.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-12 CMPL COMP ARE LONG. Compare s th e mag ni tu des of two doub le -word (lon g) ope rands. T h e ope rands a re specif ied u sing the direct add re ssin g mode . The flags are a ltered , b ut th e opera nd s rem a in un affe cted .
A-13 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE DIV DIV IDE INTEGERS . Divide s the con t ents of th e de st ina ti on long-i nte ger op er a nd b y th e con t e nts o f the so urce integ er wo r d op er and , usi n g s igned ar ithm et ic. It sto res th e q u o t i e n t into the low -ord er word o f the dest in ati on (i .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-14 DIV UB DIV IDE BYTES, UNSIGNED. Thi s instru ction divid es th e cont e nts of the desti nation word ope rand by the cont ent s o f t h e source byt e ope rand, using unsign e d arith meti c. It store s t he q uot ie nt into th e l ow- ord er by te (i.
A-15 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE DPTS DIS ABLE PER IPHERAL TRANSAC TION SERVER (PTS). Di sab les the p e riph eral transa ction ser ver (PTS). PTS Di sable (PSW.2) ← 0 DPTS (1 1 1 01 100 ) P SW Fla g Settin gs ZN CV V T S T ———— —— E I ENA BLE INTE RRUPTS.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-16 EXTB SIGN- EXTE ND SHORT -INT EGER INTO INTEGER. Sig n-exten ds the low-o rde r byte of the operan d throu ghout the high-o rder byte o f th e ope ra nd.
A-17 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE IN CB INCREME NT BYTE. Increm e n ts the va l u e o f the byte op eran d by 1. (DEST) ← (DEST ) + 1 INCB b r e g (0 0010 1 1 1) (br eg) P SW Fla g Settin gs ZN CV V T S T ✓✓✓✓ ↑ — JBC JUMP IF BIT IS CLEAR. T es ts the spe cified bit.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-18 JC JUMP I F CARRY FL AG I S SET . T e sts the carry fla g. If the carry flag i s clear , con trol pa sses to the n ext se q uenti al in s tructi o n.
A-19 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE JGT JUMP IF SIGNE D GREA TER THAN. T ests b oth the ze ro fla g an d the neg ati ve f la g. If eith er flag is set, control pas ses to th e next seq u ential instru ction.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-20 JL T JUMP IF SIGNED LE SS THAN. T ests th e neg ati ve fl ag . If t he flag is c lear, co ntrol pa sses to the n ext se q uenti al in s tructi o n.
A-21 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE JNH JUMP IF NOT H IGHER (UNSIGNED). T ests both the zero f lag and the carry f la g. If the carry f l ag is s et and th e zero f l ag is clear , con tr ol passes to th e ne x t seq u ential instructi on.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-22 JNVT JUMP IF OVERF LOW-TRAP FL AG IS CL EAR. T ests the overf low-tra p f la g. If t he flag is set, t his instru ction cl ear s the flag and pa sses con trol to th e ne xt seq ue ntial instructi on.
A-23 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE JVT JUMP IF OVERF LOW-TRAP FL AG IS SE T . T e sts t he overf l ow-tra p flag. If the flag is clear , con tr ol passes to th e ne x t seq u ential instructi o n .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-24 LDBSE LOAD BYT E SIGN-EXT ENDED. Sign- exte nds th e valu e of t h e sou rce shor t- in teger op eran d a nd l oa ds i t i nto th e destin atio n inte ger op era nd .
A-25 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE MUL (2 ope ran ds) M UL TIPL Y I NTEGE RS. Mu l t i p l ies t h e sou rce and destin ation i nteg er op e ra nd s, u si ng sig n ed arith m etic, and stores the 3 2-bit re sult in to the de stina ti on long-i nte ger op e ra nd .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-26 MULU (2 ope ran ds) M UL T IP L Y WORDS, UNSIGNED . M ulti plies the source a nd dest inati on word op e rands, usi n g un signed a rithm etic, a nd sto res th e 32 - bit r esul t into the dest inati o n do uble-wo rd op era nd .
A-27 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE NEG NEGA TE INTEGER. Negat es t he value of the in teger op eran d. (DEST) ← – ( DEST) NEG w reg ( 0 0 00001 1) (wre g) P SW Fla g Settin gs ZN CV V T S T ✓✓✓✓ ↑ — NEG B NEGA TE SH OR T -INTEGER. Negates t he val ue of th e sh o rt-integer oper a nd .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-28 NOT COM PLEME NT WORD. Co mplemen ts the val u e of th e wor d opera nd (rep laces each “1” wit h a “0 ” and each “0” with a “1”). (DEST) ← NOT (DE ST) NOT wreg ( 0 0 000010 ) (wreg) P SW Fla g Settin gs ZN CV V T S T ✓✓ 00 — — NOT B COM PLEME NT BYTE.
A-29 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE PO P POP WORD. Pops the wo rd on top of th e stack a n d place s it a t the de stinatio n ope ran d. (DEST) ← (SP) SP ← SP + 2 POP waop (1 1001 1aa) ( waop) P SW Fla g Settin gs ZN CV V T S T ———— —— P OP A POP ALL .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-30 P USHA PUS H ALL. This instru ctio n is used inste ad of PUS HF , to sup po rt the e ight ad ditio na l inte rrupts. I t pushe s two wo rds — PSW /INT_MAS K and INT_MASK 1/WSR — o nto th e sta ck. This i nstru ction cle ar s the PSW, I NT_MAS K, and INT_MASK1 re gisters a nd d ecreme nts the SP by 4 .
A-31 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE RS T RES ET SYSTE M. Initial izes t h e PSW to zero , the PC to 2080H, and the p ins and SFRs to thei r reset va lues. Exe cuting t h is instructi on cau s es th e RE SET# p in to be p u lled l ow for 16 sta te tim es.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-32 S HL SHI F T WORD LEF T . Shif ts the d esti na tion w or d ope ran d t o t he l ef t as ma ny ti mes as spe c ified by the c ount o perand .
A-33 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE SHLL SHI F T DOUBLE -WORD LEF T . Shifts the destin at i on d oub le-word o p eran d to the le ft as ma ny tim es as sp ecified b y the cou nt ope rand.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-34 SH RA ARITHMETI C RIGHT SHIF T W ORD. Shifts t he d esti n atio n w or d op eran d t o the ri gh t as many ti m es as spe cified by th e c o unt ope rand.
A-35 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE SH RAL ARI THMETI C RIGHT SHIF T DOUB LE- WORD. Sh ifts the d estina ti o n do u b le-word op era nd to th e r ig h t as man y time s as spe c ified by the c ount o perand .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-36 SH RL L OGI CAL RIGHT SHIF T DOUBLE-W ORD. Sh ifts the dest i n ati on d o u bl e-word ope ran d to t he r igh t as ma ny ti mes as sp eci fie d b y the cou n t opera nd.
A-37 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE ST STORE W ORD. S tore s th e va l ue o f the sou r c e (l eftm o s t) wo rd op era nd i nto th e destin atio n ( ri ght most) o p era nd . (DEST) ← (SRC) SRC, DE ST S T w reg, wa op (1 10 000a a) ( wao p) ( wre g) P SW Fla g Settin gs ZN CV V T S T ———— —— S TB STORE BYTE.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-38 SU BB (2 ope ran ds) SUB TRACT BYT ES. Su b tr a c ts the sou rce byte o peran d fro m the desti natio n byte ope rand, store s the re sul t in the destin ation ope ra n d , and sets the carry flag as the com p leme nt of borro w .
A-39 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE TIJMP T ABLE INDI RECT JUMP . Cau ses executi o n t o c ont inu e at an add r es s sel ect ed f rom a ta bl e of ad dr e ss e s. The first word regist er , TBAS E, contain s the 16 -bi t a ddr ess of th e be gin ni ng of t he jump tabl e.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-40 XCH EXC HANGE WORD. Excha n ges the va l ue of the source word o p erand wit h that o f the destin at i on wo rd op eran d.
A-41 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE T able A- 7 lists the instruction opcodes, in hexadecimal order , along wi th the corresponding i n- structio n mnemonic s.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-42 45 ADD I mme di ate (3 o ps) 46 ADD I ndirect (3 op s) 4 7 A D D In de xe d ( 3 ops) 48 SU B Direct (3 ops) 49 SUB Imme diat e ( 3 o ps ) 4A S UB Indirect (3 op s.
A-43 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE 6E MUL U Indirect (2 o ps) 6F MULU I nd exed ( 2 o ps ) 70 AN DB Direct (2 ops) 71 ANDB Imm e diat e (2 o ps) 72 AN DB Indi rect (2 ops) 73 AN DB Indexed (2 op s) 74 AD .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-44 97 X OR B Inde xed 98 CM PB Dire ct 99 CMP B Imm e diat e 9A CM PB In dire ct 9B CM PB In dexe d 9C DI VUB Direct 9D DI VUB Imme d i ate 9E DIVUB I ndirect 9F DI .
A-45 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE C0 S T Direct C1 BMOV C2 S T I ndirect C3 S T Inde xed C4 S TB Direct C5 CMPL C6 ST B In dir ec t C7 S TB Ind exed C8 P USH Direct C9 PU S H I mme di ate CA PUSH In d ir.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-46 F0 RET F2 P USHF F3 PO PF F4 P USHA F5 PO P A F6 IDL PD F7 TRA P F8 CLR C F9 SE TC FA D I FB E I FC CL R V T FD NOP FE DI V/DIV B/MU L/MU LB (Note 2 ) FF RS T NOTES: 1. This opcod e is reser ved, but it d o es not gene rat e a n unimpl eme nte d opcode i nterru pt.
A-47 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE T able A-8 lists inst ructions along with thei r lengt hs and opc o des for each a pplicable addressing mode. A dash (—) in any column indica tes “n ot a pplica ble.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-48 Arithme tic (Group I I) Mn em on ic Direc t Im medi ate In dire ct In dex ed (Note 1 ) Len gth Opcode L ength Opco de Length Op co d e Length S/ L Opc ode DI V 4 .
A-49 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE S tack Mn em on ic Direc t Im medi ate In dire ct In dexe d (Note 1 ) Len gth Opcode L ength Opco de Length Op co d e Length S/ L Opc ode PO P 2 CC — — 2 CE 3/4 CF P.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-50 Ca ll Mn em on ic Direc t Im medi ate In dire ct In dexe d (Note 1 ) Len gth Opcode L ength Opco de Leng th Op code Le ngth Opcod e L C A L L —————— 3.
A-51 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE Shi ft Mn em on ic Direc t Im medi ate In dire ct Index ed Len gth Opcode L ength Opco de Leng th Op code Le ngth Opcod e NORML 3 0 F ————— — S H L 3 0 9 —.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-52 T able A -9 list s instruct ions alp h a be ticall y within groups, a l o ng wit h the ir e xecutio n t ime s, e x- presse d in state t i me s. T abl e A-9. Instr uct ion Execution Ti m es (in State T imes) Ari thm etic ( Group I) Mne monic Dire ct Immed .
A-53 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE Arithme tic (Group I I) Mne monic Dire ct Immed . I ndirec t Inde xed Norm a l Au toinc. Sh ort Long R e g .M e m .R e g .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-54 Sta c k (Re gis ter) Mne monic Dire ct Immed . I ndirec t Inde xed Norm a l Au toinc. Sh ort Long R e g .M e m .R e g .
A-55 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE Data Mne moni c I ndirec t B MOV re gist er/reg ister 6 + 8 per word me m ory/reg ister 6 + 1 1 per word me m ory/m e m ory 6 + 14 per word B MOV I re gi st er/ reg iste.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL A-56 Call (Mem ory) Mne monic Dire ct Immed . In dire ct Ind exed Norm a l Au toinc. Sh ort Lon g LCAL L — — — — — 13 RET —— 1 4 — — — S CALL — .
A-57 INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE Shi ft Mne moni c Di rec t NORML 8 + 1 p e r shi ft ( 9 for 0 shift) S HL 6 + 1 pe r shi ft (7 fo r 0 shi ft) S HLB 6 + 1 pe r shi ft (7 fo r 0 shi ft) S HLL 7 + 1 pe r .
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B Signal Des criptions.
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B- 1 APPENDI X B SIGNAL DE SCRI PTIONS This appendix provides ref erenc e i nfor m a t ion f or the pin func t i ons of the 8XC1 96MC, 8XC196MD, and 8XC19 6 MH . B.1 SIGNAL NAME CHANGES The names of some 8XC196MC and 8XC 196MD signa ls have been change d for consi st ency with ot her M CS ® 96 microcont r ollers.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-2 T able B -2. 8XC196MC Signals Ar ra nged b y F unctional Categories Addre s s & Data Pro gramm ing Con trol Input/ Output I nput/Outp ut (Cont’ d) AD15 :0 AINC# P0.7:0/ACH7: 0 P6.5 / W G3 CPVER P1.0/ACH8 P 6.
B- 3 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS Figure B-1. 8XC19 6MC 64-lead Shr ink DIP ( SDIP) Package 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 P5.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-4 Figure B-2. 8XC196 MC 84-lead PLCC Package P2.5 / COMP1 / PACT# P2.4 / COMP0 / AINC# NC NC P2.7 / COMP3 P2.3 / EPA3 P2.2 / EPA2 / PROG# NC NC P2.1 / EPA1 / PALE# P2.0 / EPA0 / PVER NC P0.
B- 5 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS Figure B-3. 8XC196MC 80-lead Shrink EIAJ/QFP Pa ckage A3104-01 P6.7 / PWM1 P2.6 / COMP2 / CPVER P2.5 / COMP1 / PACT# P2.4 / COMP0 / AINC# NC NC P2.7 / COMP3 P2.3 / EPA3 P2.2 / EPA2 / PROG# NC NC P2.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-6 T able B -3. 8XC196MD Signals Ar ra nged b y F unctional Categories Addre s s & Data Pro gramm ing Con trol Input/ Output I nput/Outp ut (Cont’ d) AD15 :0 AINC# P0 . 7:0/ ACH7:0 P 7. 1 : 0 /EP A5: 4 CPVER P1 .
B- 7 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS Figure B-4. 8XC196 MD 84-lead PLCC Package P2.5 / COMP1 / PACT# P2.4 / COMP0 / AINC# P7.3 / COMP5 P7.2 / COMP4 P2.7 / COMP3 P2.3 / EPA3 P2.2 / EPA2 / PROG# P7.1 / EPA5 P7.0 / EPA4 P2.1 / EPA1 / PALE# P2.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-8 Figure B-5. 8XC196MD 80-lead Shrink EIAJ/QFP Pa ckage A3105-01 P6.7 / PWM1 P2.6 / COMP2 / CPVER P2.5 / COMP1 / PACT# P2.4 / COMP0 / AINC# P7.3 / COMP5 P7.2 / COMP4 P2.7 / COMP3 P2.3 / EPA3 P2.
B- 9 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS T able B -4. 8XC196MH Signals Ar ra nged b y F unctional Categories Addre s s & Data Pro gramm ing Con trol Input/ Output I nput/Outp ut (Cont’ d) AD15 :0 AINC# P0.5:0/ACH5: 0 P5.0 CPVER P0.6/ ACH6/T1CLK P5. 1 Bu s Contro l & Statu s P ACT # P0 .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-10 Figure B-6. 8XC196MH 64-lead Shr ink DIP (SDIP) Package 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 P5.
B-11 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS Figure B-7. 8XC196 MH 84-lead PLCC Package P2.5 / COMP1 / PACT# P2.4 / COMP0 / AINC# NC NC P2.7 / SCLK1# / BCLK1 P2.3 / COMP3 P2.2 / EPA1 / PROG# NC NC P2.1 / SCLK0# / BCLK0 / PALE# P2.0 / EPA0 / PVER NC P0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-12 Figure B-8. 8XC196MH 80-lead Shrink EIAJ/QFP Pa ckage B.3 SI GNAL DES CRIPTIO NS T abl e B-5 define s t he colum ns used in T able B-6, which descri bes the si gna ls. A2574-02 P6.7 / PWM1 P2.6 / COMP2 / CPVER P2.
B-13 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS T able B -5. Description of Column s of T able B-6 Col u mn He ading Desc ription Nam e L ists the sig n als, a rrang e d alpha betical ly . M a ny p ins ha ve two f u nction s, so th ere a re m ore entrie s in thi s col umn th a n th ere are pin s.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-14 A INC# I Au to Incre ment Duri n g sla ve prog ra mmin g, this a ctive-l ow inp ut enab l es th e a u to-increm ent featu re. (Au to incr ement a llows re a d i n g or w riting o f sequent ial OTP ROM loca ti ons, with o ut req ui rin g a ddre ss tr an sact io ns acro s s t he PBUS for each read or write .
B-15 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS BUSWI DTH I Bus W i d th T wo chip confi gurati on regi st er bits, CCR0.1 and CCR1.2 , alo ng with the BUSWIDTH pi n, control the d a ta b u s width. W h en both CCR b i t s ar e set, th e BUSW IDTH sign al selects the ext ernal da t a bu s width.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-16 EP A3: 0 ( MC) E P A5 :0 (M D ) E P A1 :0 (M H ) I/O Even t Processor Array (EP A) Cap tur e/Co m pa re Cha nnel s High-sp eed input /output signal s for t h e E P A capture / compare channe ls. EP A 5: 0 a re mu l tiplexed as follows: EP A0/ P2.
B-17 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS ONCE # I On-circu it Emulation Holding ONCE# lo w during th e rising edge of RESE T# places t he device i nto on-circui t e mulatio n (ONCE) m ode .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-18 P 2. 7 :0 I/ O Port 2 This is a stan dard , 8-bi t, bid irectio nal port th at is m ulti plexed with individ uall y sele ctable special -functio n si g nals. P2.6 i s multipl exed wit h a spe cial test-m ode-en try functi on.
B-19 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS P 7.7:0 (MD only) I/O Po rt 7 This is a standard , 8-bi t, bidire ctio na l port with Schm it t-tri gg er inpu ts. Port 7 is m u ltiple xed as f ollow s: P7.0/EP A4 , P7.1/EPA 5, P7 .2/COM P4, P7.3/COMP5 , and P7.7/FREQOUT . P 7.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-20 PROG# I Progr a m m in g S tart Duri n g p rogram ming, a fal l ing ed ge l atches d ata o n the PB US and begins pro gr am ming , whil e a r isin g edg e ends prog ram min g.
B-21 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS S CLK1:0 # (MH only) I/ O Sh ift Clo ck 0 and 1 In S IO mode 4, S CLK x # are bidirectio n al shift clock signal s that synchronize the serial data transfer . The DIR b i t in th e SP_CON re g ister control s the d i recti o n o f SCL K x #.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-22 B.4 DEF AULT CO NDITIO N S T abl e B-8 lists t he value s of the signals of the 8XC1 96MC and 8XC1 9 6MD durin g vari ous oper- ating cond itions.
B-23 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS 8XC196MD. T abl e B-9 lists the same information for the 8XC 196MH. T a bl e B -7 define s the symbols used to repres ent the pin stat us. Refer to the DC Charact eristic s t able in the datashee t for actua l specifica tio ns for V OL , V IL , V OH , and V IH .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-24 P 6.3 W G2 WK 1 WK1 (No te 13 ) (No te 13 ) P 6.4 W G3# WK 1 W K1 (N o te 13 ) (N o te 13 ) P 6.5 W G3 WK 1 WK1 (No te 13 ) (No te 13 ) P 6.6 P W M0 W K 0 — (No te 13 ) (No te 13 ) P 6.7 P W M1 W K 0 — (No te 13 ) (No te 13 ) P 7.
B-25 SIGNA L DESCRIPTIONS T able B -9. 8XC196MH Default Sign al Condit ions Po rt Signals Alte rnat e F unctio ns Du ring RESET# Act i v e Upon RE SET# In activ e (Note 12) Idle Po werdown P 0 .5:0 ACH5: 0 HiZ — H iZ HiZ P0.6 ACH6/ T1CLK HiZ — H i Z HiZ P0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL B-26 — XT AL1 Osc in p u t, HiZ — O s c inp u t, Hi Z Os c input, HiZ — XT A L2 O sc o utpu t, L oZ0/1 — Osc out p ut , LoZ0/ 1 ( Note 5 ) NOTES: 1. Th ese pins a lso c ont rol t e s t mo de e ntr y . 2. If Disa ble Reset Out = 0 , pin i s LoZ0.
C Registers.
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C-1 APPENDI X C REGI STERS This appendix provid es re ferenc e in formation abou t the device regis ters. T able C-1 lists the mod- ules a n d ma jor comp onents of the devi ce with their re lated configurat ion and stat us regist ers.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-2 T able C -2. Register Name, Address, an d Reset Status Re giste r Mn emoni c Re gis ter Nam e He x Addr Bin ary Res et V a l ue High Low AD_COM MAND A/D Comman d 1.
C-3 REGISTERS EP A1_TI ME EP A Captu re /Comp 1 Ti m e 1F46 X XXX X XXX XXXX X XXX EP A2 _T IM E (MC , MD) E P A C ap t ure /Co mp 2 T i me 1F4A XXX X XXX X XXX X XX XX EP A3 _T IM E (MC , MD) E P A C.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-4 P 7_PI N ( MD) Por t 7 P in In put 1FD 7 XX X X XXX X P1_RE G (M H) Po rt 1 Da ta Outp ut 1F9D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P2_RE G Po rt 2 Da ta Outp ut 1FD4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P.
C-5 REGISTERS T1CONTROL T imer 1 Control 1F78 00 00 0000 T2CONTROL T imer 2 Control 1F7C 0000 0000 T1REL OAD T im er 1 Reloa d 1F 72 X XXX X XXX X XXX X XXX TI MER1 T i me r 1 V al ue 1 F7 A 00 00 00 .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-6 AD_COMM AND AD_CO MMAND Address: Reset Sta te: 1F A C H 80 H The A/D comma nd (AD_COMM A N D) registe r selects the A/D c han nel numb er to b e converte d, con trols whe ther th e A/ D converte r star ts imm e d iatel y or with an E P A co m m and, a n d selects th e con v ersion mo de.
C-7 REGISTERS AD_ RE SUL T (Read ) AD_RESULT (Read) Address: Re s et S ta te ( MC, M D): R eset Sta te (M H): 1F AAH FFC0 H 7FC0 H The A/D resul t (AD_RESU L T ) registe r consists of two b yt e s. The h i gh b yt e con t ains t h e e i g ht mo st- sign i f icant bits f rom t he A/D c onverter.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-8 AD_RES UL T ( Write) AD_ RESUL T (Write ) Address: Re s et S ta te ( MC, M D): R eset Sta te (M H): 1F AAH FFC0 H 7FC0 H The high byte o f th e A/D resul t (AD_RES UL T ) re giste r can b e writt en to set the r e feren ce volta ge for the A /D t hr eshol d- detecti on m o des.
C-9 REGISTERS AD_TEST AD_TEST Address: Re s et S ta te ( MC, M D): R eset Sta te (M H): 1F AEH C0 H 88 H The A/D test (AD_T EST) reg iste r specifies adju stm ents for DC o ffset e rro rs.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-10 AD_TIM E AD_TIM E Ad dress: Reset Sta te: 1F AFH FF H The A/D tim e (AD_ TIME) registe r prog r ams the s ample wind ow time a n d the con version ti m e for e ach bit. T his reg ister pro gram s the spee d at wh ich the A/D can r un — n ot the sp eed at whi c h it can convert corre c tly .
C-11 REGISTERS CCR0 CCR0 no direct ac c e ss† The chip config ura tion 0 ( CCR0) registe r contro ls power do wn m o de , b us-con tro l sig nals, an d i nt ern al mem ory prot ection . Three o f its bi ts comb in e wi th two b its of CCR1 to contro l wait s tates an d bu s wid th.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-12 CCR0 3 AL E Addre s s V alid Strob e a n d Write Stro be The se b its defi ne which bu s-con tro l si gnal s will be g ener ate d du rin g ext ernal read and write cy c l es.
C-13 REGISTERS CCR1 CCR1 no direct access † The chip con fi gurati on 1 (CCR1) re gister e n a b l es the wat chdog ti mer a nd sele cts the b us timin g mod e. T wo o f its bit s combi ne with three bits of CCR0 to control wait states and bus widt h.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-14 CCR1 1 IRC2 Ready Co n t r ol This bi t, along with IRC0 (CCR0 . 4 ), IRC1 (CCR 0.5), an d the READY pin d ete rm ine t he num ber of wa it st ates th at can be ins er ted in to th e b us cycle.
C-15 REGISTERS COMP x_CON COMP x _CON x = 0–3 (8XC19 6MC, MH ) x = 0–5 (8XC19 6MD) Address: Re set State: T a ble C -3 The EP A com pare con tro l (C O M P x _CON) registers determin e the fu nction of the EP A com p are ch an ne ls.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-16 COMP x_CON 2W G R AD A/ D Conversio n, Wavefor m Gen er ator Reload The functio n of this bi t dep e nds o n the EP A ch annel. Fo r EP A ca pture/ compa re ch annel s 0, 2, 4 : The WGR bit all ows you to use the EP A activitie s to c ause the re l o a d of new va lues in the waveform gen erato r .
C-17 REGISTERS CO M P x_TIME COMP x _ TIME x = 0– 3 (8X C 19 6M C, MH ) x = 0– 5 (8X C 19 6M D Address: Reset Sta te: T a bl e C -3 The EP A co m p are x tim e (COMP x _TIM E) reg iste rs are the even t-ti me reg isters for the EP A comp are channe ls; the y are fun ctional ly identi c ally to the E P A x _TIM E regi s ters.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-18 EP Ax_CON EP A x _CON x = 0 –1 ( 8XC196 MH) x = 0 –3 ( 8XC196 MC) x = 0 –5 ( 8XC196 MD) Address: Re set State: Ta b l e C - 4 The EP A control (EP A x _CON) registe rs cont ro l the f unctio ns of th eir a s signed capture /comp are cha n n els.
C-19 REGISTERS EP Ax_CON 3 R E R e- en ab le Re- enab le applie s to the comp are mode on ly . It allows a compa re even t to continue to e xecute each time the e vent-ti me re gist er (EP A x _ TIME) match es the ref ere nce time r rather tha n o nly up on the first time match.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-20 EP Ax_CON 0 ON/R T Overwri te New/Reset T imer The ON/RT b it function s as o verwri te n e w in captu re mode a nd reset ti me r i n c o mp are m ode .
C-21 REGISTERS EP Ax_TIME EP A x _T IM E x = 0– 1 (8X C 19 6M H) x = 0– 3 (8X C 19 6M C) x = 0– 5 (8X C 19 6M D) Address: Reset Sta te: T a bl e C -5 T he EP A ti me ( EP A x _TIM E) reg iste r s are th e event-t ime reg ister s f or the EP A chann e ls.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-22 FREQ _C NT FREQ_ CNT ( 8XC196 MD) A dd r ess : Re s et S ta te: 1FBAH 00 H Re ad t he fre quenc y ge nerato r cou nt (F REQ_CNT ) regi ster to d etermi ne the cu rrent va lue o f the dow n-cou n t er .
C-23 REGISTERS FREQ _GE N FREQ_ GEN ( 8XC196 MD) A dd r ess : Re s et S ta te: 1 FB8H 00 H The freq u ency (FREQ_GEN) re gister h olds a p rogramme d valu e that spe cifies th e ou tp u t frequen cy . Thi s valu e is rel oade d into the down -cou nte r each t i me the counte r reache s 0.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-24 GEN_CON GEN_C ON (8 XC196M H) Address: Reset Sta te: 1F A0H 00H The GEN_CON registe r controls wheth er an i n te rnal reset asserts t he external RESET# signal a n d indi cate s the source of the m ost recen t reset .
C-25 REGISTERS INT_M ASK INT _ M ASK A d d ress: Reset Sta te: 00 08 H 00 H The interru p t mask (INT_MASK ) registe r e n ables o r disab les (m a s k s) individ ual i n terru pt requ ests. (Th e EI and DI instr uctio ns ena b le a n d disa ble servicin g of a ll maska ble in terrup ts.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-26 INT_M AS K1 INT_M ASK1 Address: Reset Sta te: 00 13 H 00 H The in terrup t mas k 1 (INT_M ASK1) re giste r enab les or d isable s (m asks) i n d i vidual i nterru pt re q uests. (Th e EI a nd DI instructi on s enab le and disabl e ser vicing o f a ll mas kable interr upt s.
C-27 REGISTERS INT _PEN D INT _PEND Address: Reset Sta te: 00 09 H 00 H When h ar d ware det ects an i nt e rrupt req uest, i t sets the correspo nding b it in the inter rupt pen d i ng (INT _PEND or IN T_PEND1) re giste rs . When the vector is t aken, th e h ardwar e cle ars the pen d i n g bit.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-28 INT_P EN D1 INT_PE ND1 Address: Reset Sta te: 00 12 H 00 H When hardwar e det ects a pendin g interru pt, i t set s the corr espo n ding b it in the i nterr u pt pen ding (INT _PEND or IN T_PEND1) re giste rs . When the vector is t aken, th e h ardwar e cle ars the pen d i n g bit.
C-29 REGISTERS ONES _RE G ONES_REG Address: Reset Sta te: 02 H FF FFH The two-b yte ones register (ONE S_RE G) is a l ways eq ual to FFF FH. It is use fu l as a f ixed source of all ones f or co m parison ope ration s. 15 0 One Bit Num b e r Func tio n 15 :0 On e The se bits a re always eq ual t o FFF FH.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-30 Px_DIR P x _DIR x = 2, 5 (8 XC 1 96 MC) x = 2, 5 , 7 (8 XC19 6 MD) x = 1, 2 , 5 (8 XC19 6 MH) Address: Reset Sta te: Ta b l e C - 6 Each pin o f p o rt x can operate in a ny of t he stan dard I/O mo des of o per ation: co mple m e n tary out p u t, open -dra i n ou tput, or hi gh-im p e dan ce in put.
C-31 REGISTERS Px_M ODE P x _MODE x = 2, 5 (8XC19 6MC ) x = 2, 5 , 7 (8 XC19 6 MD) x = 1, 2 , 5 (8 XC19 6 MH) Add ress : Rese t State: T a ble C-7 Each bit of th e p ort x mod e (P x _MODE ) regi s ter c ont ro ls whether th e cor respond i ng pin functio ns as a stan da rd I /O port pin or a s a special-f unct io n signa l.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-32 Px_MO DE T able C -8. Special-function Signals for Ports 1, 2, 5, 6 Port 1 (8X C196M H) Port 2 ( 8XC196 MC, M D) Port 2 ( 8XC196 MH) Pi n Sp e cia l-functi on Sig n a l Pin Spec ial-fun ction Sign al Pin Speci al-func tion S ignal P1.
C-33 REGISTERS Px_P IN P x _PI N x = 0–5 (8XC19 6MC, MH ) x = 0–5 , 7 (8 XC196M D) Add ress : Rese t State: T a ble C-9 Each b it of t he po rt x pin in put (P x _PI N) registe r refl ects the curren t state of th e corre sp ondi ng p in, reg ard le ss of the p in co nf ig ura tio n.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-34 Px_RE G P x _RE G x = 2–5 (8XC19 6MC) x = 2–5 , 7 (8 XC196M D) x = 1–5 (8XC19 6MH) Add ress : Rese t State: T a b le C -10 For an i nput, set t he correspo nd in g port x da t a ou tp ut ( P x _REG) re gister bit.
C-35 REGISTERS PI_M ASK PI_ MASK Add ress : Rese t State: 1FBCH AAH The p er iphera l interr upt m ask (PI_M ASK) reg ister e n ables o r disab les ( m as k s) i nterru pt req u e sts as socia ted wi th the peri ph era l interru p t (PI), the seria l port int erru pt (SPI), and the overf low/un derfl ow time r inte rrup t (OV R T M).
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-36 PI_M ASK 0 OVRT M1 Ti me r 1 Overfl ow/Und erflow Se tting this bit enab les the tim er 1 o ve rflow/ unde rflo w inte rru pt. The time r 1 an d time r 2 overflo w/underf low inter rupts ar e asso ciate d wit h the overf lo w/u nd erfl ow tim er inte rrup t (OV RTM).
C-37 REGISTERS PI _P E N D PI_PEND Add re ss: Rese t State: 1FBEH AAH When hard ware dete cts a p end ing p eriph eral or timer inte rrupt, it se ts th e correspo ndin g bi t in t he interr upt pen d i n g (INT _PEND o r INT_PE ND1) r e g ister s a nd t h e p e riphe ral inte rrupt pe n d i n g (PI_ PEND) registe r .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-38 PI _P E ND 0 OVRT M1 Ti me r 1 Overfl ow/Und erflow W h en set, this bit ind icates a p endi ng tim er 1 o verfl ow/und erflo w in terrup t. The time r 1 an d time r 2 overflo w/underf low inter rupts ar e asso ciate d wit h the overf lo w/u nd erfl ow tim er inte rrup t (OV RTM).
C-39 REGISTERS PPW PPW no d ire ct a cce ss The p rogra m ming pulse width (PPW) regist er is loaded from the e xternal EPROM (locati ons 1 4H an d 15H f or th e 8XC1 96MC a nd M D; lo cations 4 014H and 4 0 15H for the 8XC19 6MH) i n au to pro gra m mi ng m od e.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-40 PS W PSW no direct access The pr o c es sor status wo rd (PSW ) actua lly consists of two b yt e s. Th e high b yt e is th e sta tus word, which i s de scribed h ere; th e low b yte is the I NT_MA SK regi ster . The sta tus word con tains o n e bit (PSW.
C-41 REGISTERS PSW 12 V T Over flow-tra p Fl ag T hi s fla g is s e t whe n the overflo w flag is se t, but i t is cle ar ed only by the CLRV T , JVT , a n d JNVT instructi o ns.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-42 PT SSE L P TSSEL Ad dress : Re s et S ta te: 00 04H 00 0 0 H The PTS se l ect (P T SSEL) re gist er se lects either a PTS m icroco d e ro utine o r a stan dard inte rrupt se rvice ro utine for e ach in terrup t req uest.
C-43 REGISTERS PT SSRV PTSSRV Addre ss : Re s et S ta te: 00 06H 00 0 0 H The PTS servi ce (PTS SR V) re gist er is used b y the hard ware to ind icate th a t the final PTS inte rrupt h as bee n s erviced by the PTS routin e.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-44 PWM_COUNT PWM_COUNT (rea d onl y) Address: Reset Sta te: 1F B6 H 00 H The PW M count (PW M_COUNT) registe r provid es the curre nt valu e of th e d ecrement e d peri o d cou n t e r .
C-45 REGISTERS PW M_PE RIOD PW M _ PERIO D Ad d ress: Reset Sta te: 1F B4 H 00 H The P W M pe ri o d ( PW M_ PERIOD) reg ister cont ro ls t h e pe ri o d of th e PWM o u tput s . It con tains a val ue that de te rmi ne s the num b er of state count s ne cess a r y for incre men tin g the PWM cou nter.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-46 PWMx _CONTROL PWM x _CONTROL x = 0– 1 Address : Re set State: 1 FB0H, 1 FB2 H 00 H The P WM con tro l (PWM x _CONTROL ) register de term i ne s the d uty cyc l e o f t he P WM x ch an nel. A zero l o a d ed i nto this re gister cau ses the PWM to ou t put a l ow con tinuo usly (0 % duty c ycle).
C-47 REGISTERS SBUF x_RX SBUF x _RX x = 0–1 (8 XC1 96M H) Address : Re set State: 1 F80 H, 1F8 8H 00H Th e se ria l po rt re ce ive buff er x (SBUF x _RX) re gist er cont ains da t a re ceived fr om se rial p ort x . Th e seri a l p ort rece iver is buffer ed and can b egin re ceivin g a se cond d ata byte be f o re the first b yte is re ad.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-48 SBUFx_T X SBUF x _TX x = 0 –1 (8 XC1 96M H) Address: Reset Sta te: 1F8 2H, 1F8AH 00H The se ria l port tr ansm it bu ffer x (SBUF x _TX) registe r con t a i ns dat a t h a t is rea dy for t ransmi ssion. I n mod es 1, 2, a nd 3 , wri ti n g to SBUF x _TX sta rts a transmi ss ion.
C-49 REGISTERS SP SP Address: Reset Sta te: 18 H XXXXH The system’ s stack pointer (SP) can point anywhe re in interna l or e xtern al memo ry; it m ust be word alig n ed a nd mu st al ways be i nitiali zed be fore u se.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-50 S Px_BAUD SP x _BAUD x = 0– 1 (8X C 19 6M H) Address: R eset Sta te : 1 F84H , 1F 8CH 00 00 H T he s er ial po rt ba ud ra t e x (SP x _BAUD) reg iste r selects the serial port x baud ra t e and c l ock sour c e .
C-51 REGISTERS SPx_CO N SP x _CON x = 0–1 (8XC1 96 MH ) Address: Reset Sta te: 1 F83H, 1F 8BH 00 H The serial port contro l (SP x _CON) registe r selects the commu nicati ons mode and enables or disables the receiver , parity che cking, and nine-b it data transm is sion.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-52 SP x_ ST ATUS SP x _ST ATUS x = 0–1 (8XC1 96 MH ) Address : Re set State: 1 F81H, 1F 89 H 00 H The serial po rt statu s (SP x _ST A T US) register co ntai ns bits that indicate t h e st a tus of serial port x .
C-53 REGISTERS T1CONT ROL T1CONTROL Address: Reset Sta te: 1F 78 H 00 H The t i mer 1 con trol (T1CONTROL ) registe r determ ines the clo c k sou rce, coun ti ng dire ction, an d count ra te for tim e r 1 . 7 0 CE UD M2 M1 M0 P2 P1 P0 Bit Num b e r Bit Mne moni c F unction 7 CE Cou nt er E nabl e Thi s bit e n ables or disabl es the t imer .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-54 T1REL OAD T1RELOAD Address: Reset Sta te: 1F 72 H XXXXH The timer 1 reloa d ( T1R ELOAD) r egiste r contain s a rein itial izat ion value for timer 1.
C-55 REGISTERS T2CONT ROL T2CONTROL Address: Reset Sta te: 1F 7CH 00 H The t i mer 2 con trol (T2CONTROL ) registe r determ ines the clo c k sou rce, coun ti ng dire ction, an d count ra te for tim e r 2 . 7 0 CE UD M2 M1 M0 P2 P1 P0 Bit Num b e r Bit Mne moni c F unction 7 CE Cou nt er E nabl e Thi s bit e n ables or disabl es the t imer .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-56 TI ME Rx TIM ER x x = 1–2 A dd r ess : Re s et S ta te: 1F 7AH, 1F7 EH 00 00 H Th is regi ster contains the valu e o f t i mer x . Thi s reg ister c an be w ritte n, a llowi ng t imer x to b e in itialize d to a va lu e othe r th an ze ro .
C-57 REGISTERS USF R USFR Address: Re s et S ta te ( MC, M D): R eset Sta te (M H): 1F F6 H 02 H XXH The unera sable PROM (USFR) regi ster contain s two bits that disable exter nal fetche s of data a nd instructi ons a nd a n oth er that detec ts a failed o sc illato r .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-58 W A TCHD OG W A TCHDOG Address: Reset Sta te: 0A H XXH Unless it is cle are d ever y 6 4K state t imes, the watchd og time r resets the d e vice. T o clea r the wat c hdog ti m er , send “1 EH” f o llowe d imm ediatel y by “E1 H” to lo cation 0AH.
C-59 REGISTERS WG _COMPx WG_COMP x x = 1–3 Ad dress : Re s et S ta te: 1FC2H,1 FC4 H,1FC6 H 00 00 H The pha se compar e (WG_COM P x ) register controls the duty cyc le o f each phase. Wr ite a value to each p hase com pare regist er to specify t he leng t h o f time t hat the associa t ed o u tput s will re main asserted .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-60 WG_CONT ROL WG_CONTROL Address: Re s et S ta te ( MC, M D): R eset Sta te (M H): 1FC CH 00 C0 H 800 0 H The wavef orm g enerato r control (WG_CONT ROL) registe r con trol s th e ope ra tin g mode , dea d tim e , and coun t d irectio n, and enab les and disa bl es the counte r .
C-61 REGISTERS WG_COUNT ER WG_COUNTER Address: Re s et S ta te ( MC, M D): R eset Sta te (M H): 1FCA H XXXXH 000 0 H Y ou can read the wavefo rm genera tor counte r (WG_COUNT ER) regist er to d e ter mine t h e current cou n t e r val u e .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-62 WG_ OUTPUT (Por t 6) WG_OUTPUT (Po rt 6) Address: Reset Sta te: 1FC0 H 000 0 H The po rt 6 o utput con figura t ion (WG_OUT PUT) reg ister co ntro ls po rt 6 f u n ctio ns.
C-63 REGISTERS W G_O UTP UT (W a v eform Generato r) WG_ OUTPUT (Waveform Genera tor) Address: Reset Sta te: 1FC0 H 000 0 H The wavef orm g enerato r output configura tion (WG_OUTPU T) regi ster cont rols t he configur ation of the wavefo rm g enera to r and PWM m o dule pins.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-64 WG_OUT PUT (Waveform Gener ator) 10 P H3.2 Pha se 3 Functi on S elects eith er the p ort functio n or the wavefo rm gene rat or ou tpu t fun ctio n for p i ns P6 .4/WG3# a nd P6 .5/WG3 . 0 = P6 .4, P6 .5 1 = WG3#, WG3 9 P H2.
C-65 REGISTERS W G_O UTP UT (W a v eform Generato r) , T able C -1 1. Output Confi guration PH x .2 P H x .1 PH x .0 Outpu t V a lues Ou tput Pol arities WG x WG x #W G x WG x # 1 0 0 Low Low Always L.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-66 WG_PRO T ECT WG_PROTECT Address: Re set State (M C, MD) R eset Sta te (M H): 1FC EH F0 H E0 H The wa vefo rm p rotectio n (WG_ PROTECT) re gist er enab les and d isable s the o utputs an d the prote ct ion circuitry .
C-67 REGISTERS WG _RELO AD WG_RELOAD Address: Reset Sta te: 1FC8 H 000 0 H The wavef orm genera to r reload (WG_REL OAD) regist er and t he phase compare re g iste rs (WG_COM P x ) con trol th e carrie r p eriod and d uty cyc le. W rite a value to the r e load r e gister t o esta blish the carrier p e riod.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-68 WSR WS R A d dress : Re set State: 00 14 H 00 H The wind o w selectio n reg iste r (WSR) map s sectio ns of RAM into the top of th e l owe r regi ster fil e, in 32-, 6 4 -, o r 1 2 8 -byte increm ents. P USHA saves t h is registe r on the stack and POP A restore s it.
C-69 REGISTERS WSR EP A2 _CO N ( MC, MD ) 1F4 8H 7AH 0 0E8H 3D H 0 0C8 H 1E H 00C 8H EP A3_ C ON † ( MC, M D) 1 F4CH 7AH 0 0ECH 3DH 0 0 CCH 1EH 00C CH EP A4_CON (M D) 1F50H 7AH 00F0H 3DH 00 D0H 1EH .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL C-70 WSR PWM0_CONT ROL 1FB0 H 7DH 00F0H 3EH 00F 0H 1FH 0 0 B0H PWM1_CONT ROL 1FB2 H 7DH 00F2H 3EH 00F 2H 1FH 0 0 B2H SBUF0_ RX (MH) 1F80 H 7CH 00E0 H 3EH 00C0H 1 FH 0 .
C-71 REGISTERS ZERO_REG ZERO_REG Address: Reset Sta te: 00 H 000 0 H The two-byte zero re g ister (Z ERO_REG) is alwa y s equal t o zero. I t is usefu l as a fixed so urce of the con s tant zero for com pari s ons and calcu l a t ions. 15 0 Zero Bit Num b e r Func tio n 15 :0 Z ero Thi s registe r is a lways e q ual to zero.
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Glossary.
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Gloss ar y - 1 GLOS SARY This glossa ry defines acronyms, abbreviations, and terms that ha ve special m eaning in this m an- ual. (Chapt er 1 discusse s notational conventi ons and general term inolog y .) absolute e rror The ma ximum di f ferenc e between corresponding a ctu a l an d id eal code transiti o ns .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL Gloss ar y - 2 CCBs C h ip configurat ion bytes. The chip c onfiguration registe rs ( CCR s ) are loaded wi th the contents of the CCBs a ft er a de v ice reset, unless the de vice is en t e rin g prog ramm ing modes, in whic h cas e the PC CBs are used.
Gloss ar y - 3 GLOSSARY deasser t The act of maki ng a sig n a l i nactive (dis abled). The polarity (hi gh or low) is defined by the signal name. Active-low signa ls are de signated by a pound symbol (#) suffix; a c tive-high signa ls have no su f fix.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL Gloss ar y - 4 full-scal e er r or The diff erenc e bet ween t he ide a l and a c t u a l in p ut volt age corre sponding t o the final (full-sca le) co de transit ion of a n A /D c onverter . hold latency The t ime i t t akes the m icrocontrol l er t o ass ert HL DA # after an e xte rnal devic e assert s HOL D#.
Gloss ar y - 5 GLOSSARY LS B 1) Leas t-si gnifi cant bi t of a byte o r leas t-sig n i ficant by te o f a word . 2) In an A/D co nv erte r , the referenc e voltage divided by 2 n , where n is t he number of bits to be co nverted. For a 10- bi t co n verte r with a refe rence voltage of 5.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL Gloss ar y - 6 nonmas kable inter rupts Interrupts that cannot be masked (disabl ed) and can n ot be assigned to the P TS f or proce ssing. The n o n maska ble inte rrup ts are unimplemented opcode, software trap, and NMI .
Gloss ar y - 7 GLOSSARY pr ogr am memory A partition of m emory where instruct ions can be store d fo r fetchi n g and exec uti on. pr otected instruc tion An instructio n that prevent s an inte r rupt from being ack n o wledged unt i l afte r the next instr uction execute s.
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL Gloss ar y - 8 PWM Puls e-width mo dula ted (outputs ). The 8XC1 9 6M x devices have seve ral o p t ions for produ c ing PW M outputs: the generic puls e-width m odulator modules, the wave form generato r , and the EP A wi th or wit hout the PTS .
Gloss ar y - 9 GLOSSARY sample ti m e The peri od of time that the sample window is open . (That i s, the length o f time tha t the input c hannel is actua lly connec ted to the s ample capaci tor .) sample ti me uncer tainty The vari ation in t he sample time .
8XC196MC, MD, MH USER’S MANUAL Gloss ar y -10 special i nterru pt A ny of the three nonmaskable interr upts ( uni mple- mente d opcode, softwa re tra p, or NM I ). speci al-purpose me m ory A pa rtit i on of memory use d for s toring t he int errupt ve ct ors , PTS vectors , chip configuration byte s, and several reserved locat ions.
Glossa r y-11 GLOSSARY transfer functi on errors Errors inherent in an ana log-to-digital conversion proc ess: quan ti zing er r o r , z er o-offset err or , ful l-scale error , di f f erential n onl ine a r i t y , and n o nl inearit y .
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Index.
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Index -1 #, de fined, 1-3, A-1 16- bi t da ta b us r ead cy c les, 15-1 4 timing dia g ram , 15- 1 5 w r it e cyc l es, 15 -1 4 8-bit dat a bus r ead cy c les, 15-1 6 timing dia g ram , 15- 1 7 w r it.
8XC 1 96 MC, MD, MH USER ’ S MANU AL Ind ex-2 AND i n str uction, A -2, A-8, A- 41, A- 4 2, A-48, A-53 ANDB i n str u c tio n , A-2, A- 8, A-9, A- 42, A-43, A-48, A-5 3 ANGND, 1 2-5, 13-1, B-14 Ap B.
Index -3 INDEX Clock exte rnal, 13- 7 gener ator, 2-7, 1 3 - 7, 13-8 inte rna l, and i dle mo de, 14-4, 14-5 p has es, in te rn al, 2- 8 CLR ins t r uct ion , A-2, A- 1 0 , A-41, A-47, A-52 CLRB ins t.
8XC1 96MC, MD , MH USER ’ S MANUA L Index -4 re-enabli n g the compa re event, 11-20, 11-22 reloa ding the wave form gene rator, 11-20, 11-23, C-16 resetting the timer in com p are m ode, 11- 21 res.
Index -5 INDEX Hype rt ext ma nua ls and data she et s, down loading, 1- 10 I Idle mode , 2-1 1 , 13-13, 14-4–14- 5 ente rin g , 14 -5 pin s tatus, B-2 3, B-25 timeout control , 11-7 IDLPD instructi.
8XC1 96MC, MD , MH USER ’ S MANUA L Index -6 JVT instr uct ion, A-3, A- 5, A-23, A-4 5, A-50, A-5 6 L Lat ency‚ See bus- ho l d protocol ‚ interrupt s LCAL L inst ruction, A- 3, A-23, A-45, A-5 .
Index -7 INDEX ORB ins t ructio n , A-2, A- 28, A- 4 3, A-48, A- 53 Osc illa tor and powerdown mode, 14-5 exte rna l cryst al , 13-6 on-chip, 13-5 OTP ROM control l ing ac c e ss to inte rnal memory, .
8XC1 96MC, MD , MH USER ’ S MANUA L Index -8 SFRs, 6-6, 14-3 P ort 3, B -18 address ing, 6-14 idle , powe rdown, reset status, B-23, B-2 5 op er a t i o n, 6-15–6 -1 6 ove rvie w, 6-1 pin c o nfi .
Index -9 INDEX instruc tions, A-51, A- 57 inte r ru p t lat ency, 5 -11 inte r r u p t proces s in g flow, 5 -2 routine, defined, 5-1 serial I/O m odes, 5-37– 5 - 58 single transf er mode, 5 - 2 7 s.
8XC1 96MC, MD , MH USER ’ S MANUA L Index -10 FREQ_CNT, 8-4, C-22 FREQ_GEN, 8-3, C-23 GEN_ CON, 13-9, C-24 grouped b y mo dule s, C-1 INT_MASK, 5-15, C-25 INT_MASK1, 5-16 , 7-2, C-26 INT_PEND, 5 - 2.
Index-11 INDEX RST inst ructi o n, 3-11, 13-9, 13-12, A-3, A-31, A-46, A-5 1 , A-57 Run -time p rogramming , 1 6-32–1 6-33 code exa mple , 16- 33 RXD, B-20 and SIO port mo de 0, 7-5, 7-7 and SIO por.
8XC1 96MC, MD , MH USER ’ S MANUA L Index -12 SJMP instruc tion, A-2, A-36, A-41 , A-47, A-49, A-55 SKIP i n st ructio n , A-2, A -36, A-41, A-51, A-57 Slave progra mmi n g mode, 1 6 - 1 5– 16-24 .
Index-13 INDEX Timi ng d i agra ms 16-bit data bus, 15-15 8-bit dat a bus, 1 5- 17 BUSWIDTH, 15-12 READY, 1 5 - 1 9 sys t e m bus t imin g , 15-3 2 Timing r equirem ents BUSWIDTH, 15-13 READY, 1 5 - 1.
8XC1 96MC, MD , MH USER ’ S MANUA L Index -14 WSR values an d direct ad d r esses, 4- 15 WORD, defined, 3-2 Worl d Wi de Web, 1-11 WR#, B-22 idle , powe rdown, reset status, B-23, B-2 5 WRH#, B-22 W.
Un punto importante, dopo l’acquisto del dispositivo (o anche prima di acquisto) è quello di leggere il manuale. Dobbiamo farlo per diversi motivi semplici:
Se non hai ancora comprato il Intel 8XC196MD è un buon momento per familiarizzare con i dati di base del prodotto. Prime consultare le pagine iniziali del manuale d’uso, che si trova al di sopra. Dovresti trovare lì i dati tecnici più importanti del Intel 8XC196MD - in questo modo è possibile verificare se l’apparecchio soddisfa le tue esigenze. Esplorando le pagine segenti del manuali d’uso Intel 8XC196MD imparerai tutte le caratteristiche del prodotto e le informazioni sul suo funzionamento. Le informazioni sul Intel 8XC196MD ti aiuteranno sicuramente a prendere una decisione relativa all’acquisto.
In una situazione in cui hai già il Intel 8XC196MD, ma non hai ancora letto il manuale d’uso, dovresti farlo per le ragioni sopra descritte. Saprai quindi se hai correttamente usato le funzioni disponibili, e se hai commesso errori che possono ridurre la durata di vita del Intel 8XC196MD.
Tuttavia, uno dei ruoli più importanti per l’utente svolti dal manuale d’uso è quello di aiutare a risolvere i problemi con il Intel 8XC196MD. Quasi sempre, ci troverai Troubleshooting, cioè i guasti più frequenti e malfunzionamenti del dispositivo Intel 8XC196MD insieme con le istruzioni su come risolverli. Anche se non si riesci a risolvere il problema, il manuale d’uso ti mostrerà il percorso di ulteriori procedimenti – il contatto con il centro servizio clienti o il servizio più vicino.
