Manuale d’uso / di manutenzione del prodotto XL del fabbricante Atari
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The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-1 The Last Word Professional Word Processi ng for the Atari XL/XE With dual 40 and 80 colum n displays. Written by and Copyr ight © Jonathan Ha lliday 1999 - 200.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-2 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1-5 1.1 OVERVIEW OF TH E LAST WORD ......................................................... 1-5 1.2 A BOUT THE MA NUAL .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-3 5.2 KEEP ING TRA CK OF PA GI NATION .................................................... 5- 27 5.3 EDIT OR PRINT COMMA NDS ............................................................... 5- 27 5.4 EMBED DED COMMA N DS .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-4 8.5 CUST OM FONTS .................................................................................. 8- 56 8.6 CUST OMISING THE KEYBOA RD ........................................................ 8- 57 8.6.1 TH E KEYBOAR D TABLE .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-5 1 I NT RODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE LAST WORD Welcome to THE LAST WORD , the brand new 80 column w ord processor for Atari XL/XE computer s, and one o f the most powerful tex t editors ev er written f or the 8-bit Atari.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-6 1.2 ABOUT THE M ANUA L This manual assumes basi c familiarity with the Atari screen edito r and keyboard . Command key strokes ar e enclosed in an gle brackets (" <" and ">") w hich should NOT be typed in .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-7 work with LW . This means y ou can’t run SpartaDOS X and LW on a m achine with less than 128K. With SpartaD OS X, you can speci fy a file to edit on the command line a f ter the program name, such as: X LW LETTER .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-8 You can get the 80 column displ ay bac k by performin g the same procedu re in reverse: type <SHIFT+C TRL+ W > , type “Y” for 80 columns, then p ress <Retu rn> at the “Width” prompt. In this manual, many ill ustrations depict L W ’s 40 col umn display .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1-9 1.4.2 TEXT BANKS If you have a machine with at least 128K of RAM r unning Spa rtaDOS X, D OS 2.5 or MyD OS, LW will try to use the extra banks o f memory for additional text bu ffers for the editing of up to ten files a t once.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1- 10 If you type “Y”, the exi sting file wi ll be overw ritten. Typing “N” w ill return you to the editor without doin g anything. To load previ ously writte n text, press: <CTRL+L> Load text A prompt w ill appear wi th a default driv e specifier .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1- 11 1.4.4 THE FILE SELECTOR What if you can’t r emember w hich files are on the dis k? LW has a fi le selector which is accessible from any filename input dialogue.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 1- 12 By default in LW , <RE TURN> characters appea r as curved arrows . You c an make them invi sible with: <SHIFT+CTRL+CLR > Toggle vi sible returns These are just a few o f the settings saved in the con figuration .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 2- 13 2 EDITOR CO MMANDS LW 's com mands are all accessed by key combinations . Once you become famili ar with LW 's keystrokes , a huge number of comman ds becomes ins tantly avai lable.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 2- 14 <CTRL+ESCA PE> Allow subsequent control key to be entered as normal tex t (same as pressing <ESC APE> in the normal Atari screen edi tor . Also de -selects a marked bloc k of text. <SHIFT+ESCAP E> Alternative to <C T RL+E SCAPE>.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 2- 15 2.4 MOVING A ND COPYING WI TH TEXT BLOCKS The follow ing commands all ow blocks of tex t to be ma rked, then moved, copi ed or deleted: <CTRL+M > M ark or highlight bloc k. Before a bloc k can be copi ed, moved or deleted, it must be marked .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 2- 16 2.5 FINDING A ND REP LACING TEXT LW has ex tensive searc h features w hich work both forwards and bac kwards throu gh the text .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 2- 17 2.5.1 SEARCHING WITH WILDCARDS In find strin gs, the inverse question ma rk ( ? ) wi ll match any character , just as in DOS filenames: Find>TH ? S ? will match both "THESE" and " THOSE" .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 3- 18 3 ADDITIONA L EDITOR FEATURES LW includes many featur es to aid in the edi ting o f text, such as place mark ers, pagination guides , and tabulatio n . The range of facili ties available makes LW one of the most complete w ord processors for the Ata r i.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 3- 19 3.4 BOOKM A RKS LW has a sy stem o f invisible markers w hich make nav igating your tex t simpl icity itself . If you're wor king on a section o f text w hich you want to leav e but wi ll need to return to later, mark it w ith a place ma rker.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 3- 20 3.6 USER OPTIONS Several option s and toggl es are accessed using: <SHIFT+CTRL+U> User Option s This command p resents a list o f options w hich are either sw itched on or off. The current state o f the item appears to the right of the pro m pt.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 3- 21 available . E ach bank has the same 16K capaci ty and its ow n set of place markers and its own filename . You can cut and paste betw een banks w ith ease, an.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 3- 22 The “/A” sw itch should be appe nded to the filename whe n saving all bu t the first segment of a linked file.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 4- 23 4 DISK OPERA TIONS LW allow s f ull manipul ation of files and directories , and has suppo rt for many different DOS packages . The mini DOS menu allow s viewing, loading, deleting, ren aming and copying of files at the touch o f a key .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 4- 24 The follow ing options are av ailable on the menu, selected by pressin g the hi ghlighted letter: S pec Set the directory search mas k .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 4- 25 there is, the faster the co py operation w ill be, so you w ill want to be in the ban k with plenty of unused memory be fore you copy anything . A completely full bank actually has 1 s pare byte, so copy wil l still work with it, albeit a gonizingly slowly! Press <CTRL+C> to copy tagged files.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 4- 26 4.2.1 A DDITION AL COMMA N DS There are several additional commands not listed on the disk menu. <CTRL+R> Refresh file list. Simply re -reads the displ ayed directory from dis k. <CTRL+H> Cursor home.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 27 5 PRINTING W ITH LW LW 's print processor is o ne of the mo st comprehe nsive of any Atari word processor . Useful features abou nd to ma ke life easie r when printing co mplex docume nts. 5.1 PREVIEWING TEXT <CTRL+V> Preview printed pages .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 28 All the above com mands w ill read any incl uded files (see late r) unless you com ment out include state ments . This means tha t you can alw ays know exactly where you are on the printed pa ge, even in docu m ents mad e up of many different files .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 29 f <[n]text> Define runnin g footer to be printed at the bo ttom o f each page . <n> is an OP TIONAL offset, in li nes, from the bottom pa ge margin, and shoul d be typed in inverse video imm ediately before the text of the footer.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 30 l <n> Set the left mar gin . The default is 10. m <n> Margin outdent by <n> chars, as in this line . This outdents the next line o f text . Subse quent lines rev ert to the normal margin . The line is prope rly lengthene d to fill the ex tra space .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 31 [ <n> Left header/ footer mar gin, default 10 . This works like the l command, but set s the margin for the heade rs and footers , which don't obey the no rmal le ft margin . The reason for this is in case the left and ri ght margins are altered within the text .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 32 & Reset headin g levels . Thi s character simply reset s all heading levels to their ini tial values o f 1 .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 33 _ Hard hy phen (underscor e) . Normal hyphens betw een words all ow the line to be split at that point . Use a ha rd hyphe n instead to prevent this happen ing. . Hard space (can al so be an inv erse space) . Use hard space s between w ords to force them to alw ays be printed on the same line .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 5- 34 international se t, they won't be represented correctly on the previ ew screen . This feature is set up w ith t he printer driver edito r (see PR INTER DRIVERS ).
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 6- 35 6 CONFIGURIN G LW FOR YOUR PRIN TER You can custo mize LW 's print styling com mands to suit any kind o f printer . Toggles can be set up for italics, bold, underli ning, supers cript and subsc ript, and up to 10 further styli ng commands can be defined for any purpose you can think o f.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 6- 36 6.2.1 PRINT TOGGLES Start LW with an empty t ext file. In your printe r man ual, find the codes for "ITALICS ON" .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 6- 37 character out of the printer. How e ver, EPS ON internati onal codes and A TASCII codes are rarely the same , so usi ng the CODE s tatement, y ou can assign an AS CII code to any of the 29 in ternational charac ter codes.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 6- 38 making Atari W riter Plus think I had one hoo ked up, then printin g to disk a nd studyi ng the output . No t e that not all Atari prin ters support f eatures like i talics and b oldface . I trust these driv ers work w e ll with the actual equip ment.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 39 7 MACROS LW ’s M acro f acility is among the mos t powerful o f any Atari 8 -bit word proc essor. Macros all ow you to automate frequent ta sks, rede fine t.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 40 7.2 RUNNING M A CROS Macros are ex ecuted in on e of three way s: Pressing <ESCA PE>, then the key the macro is attached to . Holding dow n <Option> the n pressing the keystroke the macro is a ttached to.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7-41 You can disable the startup mac ro (@) in one of sev eral ways: Specify the “/M ” sw itch on its own on the Spa r taDOS X command line Hold dow n &.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 42 field. To actually get inpu t from the user , you M US T include the <CTRL+L>ine Input mac ro command as normal.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 43 keystroke to run (in the same o rder), ending the line w ith <Return>. For example, y ou could say : # = <INV CTRL +J> L oad, S av e, P rint <R.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 44 <CTRL+Z> Set toggles and tes t flags . Follow with one o f the characters below: U Put the keyboard in t o uppe rcase. L Put keyboard in to lowercase. I Set insert mode. O Set overtype mode. 1-9 or 0 (0=10) Select the appropri ate tex t bank when multiple ban ks are set up .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 45 <CTRL+N> Entered in a filena m e dia logue wil l enter name of curren t file without device. <CTRL+B> When pressed in ANY input dialogue (unless pre ceded by <CTRL+ESCA PE>), <CTRL+B > wil l place the contents of the paste buffer (or as much o f it as will fit) in to the input li ne.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 46 <CTRL+ESC APE> or <SHIFT +ESC> allow s you to enter control codes int o the editor or into an input dial ogue, as <ESCA PE> on its ow n normally does in BASIC, etc .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 47 7.6 EXAMPLE M A CROS The best way t o illustrate the creation o f macros is w ith som e use f ul exampl es. DUAL FONT LOADER When loading fonts into LW , only the font relev ant to the cu rrent display mode is normally loa ded, i.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 48 A screenshot of the completed ma cro is show n below. Save the macro as “FONTSE T.MAC” and then load it w ith <Shift+C trl+M>.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 7- 49 <CTRL+ESCA PE> . If you need to ma ke corrections, ty pe <CTRL+CAP S> again to turn off control mode. Now, wi th an empty editor as be f ore, type <CTRL+T>. Now ty pe <SELECT+EQUA LS SIGN>.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 50 8 CONFIGURIN G LW You can configure LW so that it alw ays loads wi th the settin gs you prefer . You can even load di fferent configu rations part way through an edi ting session . You can se t up everythi ng from screen colou r to additional ban k s o f RAM for tex t.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 51 8.2 .CFG CONFIGU RATION FILE S CFG files contain u ser pre f erences such a screen colours , screen width and resolution, de fault drive number , filespecs, etc.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 52 Flags (ON/OFF) A rgument Comments Default 80COLUM NS ON ¦ OFF Set 80 / 40 colu mn mode ON PAGE W AI T ON ¦ OFF Set page w ait mode during printing OFF WORD .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 53 8.3 THE LW. SYS FILE The L W. SYS f ile is read once whe n LW first start s up. The in formation in the f ile is used to set- up L W ’s memory configuration and other set tings that can’t be chan ged once the program has f ini shed setting itsel f up.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 54 assuming there were at least four free banks on the tar get m achine – L W would allocate one ban k for the mac ro/paste/directo ry bu f fer (w hich it alwa.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 55 running L W under an unsupported DOS, you M U ST create a custom L W .SYS file containing the following line : BANKE D ON Since L W can’t differenti ate bet.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 56 for any reason you want to ensu re that the de fault DOS d rive is sea rched, incl ude “D:” (without quotes ) as an e ntry in the pa th. 8.3.4 THE KEYBOARD BUFFER The fifth kind o f instructio n in L W.SYS is the “BUFFE R” statement (follow ed by ON or OFF).
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 57 8.6 CUSTOMISING THE KEYBOARD LW allow s you to customise the keyboard i n two w a ys: by using mac ros, and by using a custom key board layout (i n the LW .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 58 Ke y Normal Shi f t Ctrl Shi ft+Ctrl l 0 108 64 76 128 12 192 200 j 1 106 65 74 129 10 193 200 ; 2 59 66 58 130 123 194 200 F1 3 28 67 8 131 19 195 200 F2 4 2.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 59 By working out where in the table the key combination you want to re define resides, you can totally remap the keyboard. For example, you could have the following line in LW.SYS: KEY 10,97 This will redefine the <P> key so that w hen you press it, the lowercase letter “a” will be produced.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 8- 60 Looking again at our Windows cut and paste shortcuts, consider the followi ng macro (we’ve already loaded the MACRO.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 9- 61 9 DOS PAC KAGES A ND LW LW works w ith and configures itsel f for many of the popular D O S packa ges f or A tari XL/XE computers .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 9- 62 This DOS wor ks well wi th LW . Subdirectory na mes are preceded by a col on on the disk menu, and traversal o f the directory tree i s catered for, as wel l as the creation and deletion of subdirec t ories .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 9- 63 OFF” at the SD X command pro mpt before loadi ng the program. You coul d w rite a batch file as foll ows: KEY OFF X LW.EXE KEY ON The above w i ll ensure the SD X key bu ffer is off, run L W , then turn the key buffer on again.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 9- 64 As with DOS 2.5 and MyDOS, LW will auto matically detect the number of RAM banks not used by DOS and w ill grab up to ten of them for its own use. I f you have a RAM disk set up (w ith RAMDISK .SYS), LW w ill av oid this too, only using those areas o f memory DOS ha s certified as unused.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 10 - 65 10 LW COMMAND SUMMA RY Below is a co mplete list o f every command in t he LW editor and print formatter . In the first section, edi tor comman ds are describe d with thei r equival ent macro commands (where different ) in the thi rd column .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 10 - 66 COMMAN D FUNCTION MACRO EQUIVA LENT SHIFT+CTRL W Set Screen M ode and W i dth INVERSE C TRL W CTRL X Exit to DOS CTRL Y Char/Bloc k Lowercase SHIFT+CTRL Y C.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 10 - 67 10.2 SPECIAL KEYS These characte rs have speci al meanings w hen entered on the co mmand li ne unless preceded by <CTRL +ESCAPE> (<ESCAPE>,<E.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 10 - 68 10.3 MACRO COMM ANDS The follow ing commands are only av ailable from wi thin macros and are entered i n inverse v ideo. COMMAN D FUNCTION INV CTRL A Macro Ask com mand. Fol low with prompt message ending i n return and optional de fault input strin g .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 11 - 69 11 PRINT FORMA TTING COMMA NDS These commands affect the p rinted documen t, and are entered in inv erse vi deo, in lower or upper case . All numeric argu ments shoul d also be in inverse v ideo (use <SELECT+KEY> to ente r a single charac ter in inv erse video) .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 11 - 70 COMMAN D FUNCTION DEFAULT VALUE LEFT ARRO W Add-in #3 RIGHT ARRO W Add-in #4 * Add-in #5 % Add-in #6.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 12 - 71 12 PROGRA MMER'S TECHNICAL NOTES This section firs t outlines LW 's memory map , then goes on to discuss some o f the general ideas behind the pro gram . It isn’t a guide to writing extensions for LW (please refer to the ex tension dev eloper’s documenta tion) .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 12 - 72 One thing whi ch has allow ed LW to be cram med into such a small amount o f code is the placing of almo st all the program's variabl es in Page Zero RAM . The entire uppe r half of Page Zero is used by LW .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 12 - 73 as critical a facto r as it h as always been w ith LW . A fter many years tryi ng to get the Atari Macro Asse mbler to co-ope rate wi th SpartaDOS X, I finally wrote my ow n Macro Assembler. The result - MA 65 – was used in e mulation until quite recently to compile LW .
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 12 - 74 SpartaDOS utili ties, and a M acro Assembler , it was alw ays my ambition t o write a word processor for the Atari 8 w hich coupled the innovativ e and flex.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 12 - 75 Although I’d alw ays conside red version 2.1 o f LW the “ final” version, peopl e soon came up wi th new things they’ d like to see includ ed in the program. Far a nd away top of the list w as support for 80 col umn displays (incl uding devices such as XEP-80 and VBXE).
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 12 - 76 So what’s nex t for The Last W ord? W ith the advent o f video enhancemen ts such as VBXE, lar ger memory capa cities as standa rd on Atari 8 computers, al most unlimited mass stora ge, and readily availabl e flash cartridges, the time seems right for a fully WYSI W YG word proces sor for the Ata r i 8.
The Last Word 3.0 Refere nce Manual 12 - 77 12.7 CORRESPONDENC E Any enquiries, bug reports, etc , should be add ressed to me , Jonathan Hal liday at jon@atari8.
Un punto importante, dopo l’acquisto del dispositivo (o anche prima di acquisto) è quello di leggere il manuale. Dobbiamo farlo per diversi motivi semplici:
Se non hai ancora comprato il Atari XL è un buon momento per familiarizzare con i dati di base del prodotto. Prime consultare le pagine iniziali del manuale d’uso, che si trova al di sopra. Dovresti trovare lì i dati tecnici più importanti del Atari XL - in questo modo è possibile verificare se l’apparecchio soddisfa le tue esigenze. Esplorando le pagine segenti del manuali d’uso Atari XL imparerai tutte le caratteristiche del prodotto e le informazioni sul suo funzionamento. Le informazioni sul Atari XL ti aiuteranno sicuramente a prendere una decisione relativa all’acquisto.
In una situazione in cui hai già il Atari XL, ma non hai ancora letto il manuale d’uso, dovresti farlo per le ragioni sopra descritte. Saprai quindi se hai correttamente usato le funzioni disponibili, e se hai commesso errori che possono ridurre la durata di vita del Atari XL.
Tuttavia, uno dei ruoli più importanti per l’utente svolti dal manuale d’uso è quello di aiutare a risolvere i problemi con il Atari XL. Quasi sempre, ci troverai Troubleshooting, cioè i guasti più frequenti e malfunzionamenti del dispositivo Atari XL insieme con le istruzioni su come risolverli. Anche se non si riesci a risolvere il problema, il manuale d’uso ti mostrerà il percorso di ulteriori procedimenti – il contatto con il centro servizio clienti o il servizio più vicino.
