Manuale d’uso / di manutenzione del prodotto KLN 90B del fabbricante Allied Air Enterprises
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KLN 90B Bendix/King ® TSO’d GPS Navigation System Pilot’ s Guide ORS 20 A.
A AlliedSignal, Inc. Commercial Avionics Systems 400 North Rogers Road Olathe, Kansas 66062-1294 FAX 913-791-1302 Telephone: (913) 782-0400 006-08773-0000 Rev.
i Rev 1 KLN 90B PILO T’S GUIDE 006-08773-0000 f or KLN 90Bs with OPERA TIONAL REVISION ST A TUS (ORS) 20 Ma y , 1997 IMPORT ANT : Special installation procedures must be f ollo wed in order f or the KLN 90B to be cer tified f or IFR use. Consult the KLN 90B Flight Manual Supplement f or the operating limitations of this unit.
ii Rev 1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
TOC-1 Rev 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... I PREVIEW OF OPERATION ...............................................
TOC-2 Rev 1 3.11 VIEWING THE WAYPOINT PAGES ...........................................................................................................3-42 3.11.1 Airport Pages ..........................................................................
TOC-3 Rev 1 5.1.4 The Trip Planning 5 And Trip Planning 6 Pages (TRI 5 and TRI 6) ..................................................5-6 5.2 ADVISORY VNAV OPERATION .......................................................................................
TOC-4 CHAPTER 6 - LEVEL 4 OPERATION .........................................................................................................................6-1 6.1 NON-PRECISION APPROACH OPERATIONS ....................................................
I The KLN 90B is an extremely sophisticated navigational device, capable of providing highly accurate navigation over most parts of the world. You will be amazed at all of the navigational and other aeronautical functions that the unit can perform. However, you don’t need to mas- ter all of the KLN 90B’s capabilities at once.
II No doubt you are going to read this entire manual just as soon as you possibly can. But just to get an idea of how easy the KLN 90B is to operate, the following oper- ational preview is presented.
1-1 A basic KLN 90B system consists of a panel mounted KLN 90B GPS sensor/navigation computer, a data base cartridge, and an antenna. An altitude input is required to obtain full navigation and operational capabilities. Additional system components may be added or inter- faced to the KLN 90B which increase its features and capabilities.
1-2 Two GPS antennas can be used with the KLN 90B. One is the KA91 and the other is the KA 92. The KA 92 is used with new production KLN 90Bs and the KA 91 is used with units that have been upgraded from either a KLN 90 or a KLN 90A. They are “patch” antennas designed to always be mounted on the top of the aircraft.
2-1 Rev 1 One reason the KLN 90B is such a powerful navigation system is because of its extensive database. A database is an area of electronic memory used to store a large cat- alog of navigational and aeronautical information. 2.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE D AT A B ASE The database provides two primary functions.
2-2 Rev 1 only for airports in the primary area of the database. Intersections, air route traffic control center data, flight service station frequencies, and special use airspace are also provided only for the primary area.
2-3 Rev 1 2.3 USE OF IC A O IDENTIFIERS Waypoints are stored in the KLN 90B database almost exclusively by their ICAO identifiers. ICAO is an interna- tionally accepted reference for the data. In almost all cases the proper ICAO identifiers may be taken directly from Jeppesen Sanderson or government aeronautical charts.
2-4 Rev 1 2.4.1 Computer Updating Of The Database Update information is sent to you on several 3.5” disks. In order to use this update method you must have access to an IBM compatible computer having a disk drive capa- ble of using and booting (loading) from 3.
2-5 Rev 1 3. Turn on the computer being used for the database update. Insert Disk 1 into the computer’s disk drive. There can be either 2 or 3 disks used for the update so be sure the label on the outside of the disk says “Disk 1 of 2” or “Disk 1 of 3”.
2-6 Rev 1 8. Press E to acknowledge the estimated load time and begin erasing the existing database. The unit will now display ERASING DATA BASE (figure 2-6). After the database has been erased, loading of the new data begins automatically. As the new data is being loaded, the percentage of transfer is displayed (figure 2-7).
2-7 Rev 1 1. Insert the KLN 90B insertion/removal tool (supplied with unit) in the small hole located on the right side of the front of the unit (figure 2-9).
2-8 Rev 1 which side is up and which end to insert into the KLN 90B. Insert the new cartridge into the back of the unit. When the cartridge is properly inserted, the “Insert To Here” marking on the label can just be seen protruding from the rear of the KLN 90B (figure 2-11).
Name: Company: Address: City: State: Zip Code: Country: T elephone: ( ) F AX : ( ) Aircraft Make: Aircraft Model: ______ Please set up the service under: MasterCard/VISA Method of Payment Check/Money order enclosed Wire T ransfer: Chase Manhattan Bank, NY Acct #910-2-538734 T ax may apply in some states.
BUSINESS REPL Y MAIL FIRST -CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO. 121 OLA THE, KANSAS POST AGE WILL BE P AID BY ADDRESSEE Fold here NO POST AGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED ST A TES ALLIEDSIGNAL COMMERCIAL A VIO.
3-1 Rev 1 This is the first of three chapters specifically dealing with operating the KLN 90B. In this chapter you will learn the basic operation of the front panel controls and then how to perform Direct To navigation (navigating from your pre- sent position direct to your desired location).
CRSR MSG D CLR ENT KLN 90B TSO GPS ı CRSR PUSH ON BRT APT VOR NDB INT SUPL NA V D/T ACTV REF CTR CALC ST A T SETUP OTHER NA V FPL MODE TRIP PULL SCAN LEFT OUTER MESSAGE DIRECT TO CLEAR ENTER RIGHT OUTER LEFT INNER RIGHT INNER LEFT CURSOR POWER/BRIGHTNESS RIGHT CURSOR $=KOSH |=KOSH +++++Ê+++++|WITTMAN DIS 683nm| GS 193kt| ETE 3:34|N 43^59.
3-3 Rev 1 3.2 TURN-ON AND SELF TEST Enough of the preliminaries. Let’s get started into actu- ally turning the KLN 90B on and using it! Figure 3-2 will fold out and allow you to use it as a reference as you read this chapter, especially if you don’t have a KLN 90B immediately at hand.
3-4 Rev 1 The distance field (DIS) always displays 34.5 NM (nautical miles). If the KLN 90B is interfaced to a compatible indicator that displays DME distance, the indicator should be displaying 34.
3-5 Rev 1 The KLN 90B needs to have the correct time, date, and position to be able to determine which satellites should be in view. This information is stored in the battery backed memory of the KLN 90B so it is not normally required to update it.
3-6 Rev 1 You will be able to change the time zone any time you desire on several other pages, so don’t worry if you’re not sure which time zone to choose.
3-7 Rev 1 9. To enter the correct baro setting, rotate the right inner knob to select the first two digits of the correct altime- ter setting (figure 3-19). Rotate the right outer knob one step clockwise to move the flashing cursor over the third position.
The NAV 2 page (present position) is now automatically displayed on the left side of the screen and the waypoint pag e for the waypoint which was active when the KLN 90B was last turned off will be displayed on the right side (figure 3-26). If the last active waypoint was an airport, the APT 4 page (airport communications) will be dis- played.
3-9 Rev 1 3.3 DISPLA Y FORMA T The KLN 90B uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display. The display screen is divided into segments. These seg- ments are formed by horizontal and vertical lines on the screen. Most of the time there are five segments as shown in figure 3-28.
3-10 Rev 1 pages, all having the same page number, used to present all of the required information. That is, all of the inform a - tion associated with a particular page number doesn’t fit on the page being viewed. In this case the “ + ” sign indi- cates that there are two or more APT 4 pages.
3-11 Rev 1 1 KMKC | 2 BUM | 3 OSW | 4 TUL | 5 KTUL | | CRSR Figure 3-38 3.4 B ASIC OPER A TION OF P ANEL CONT R OLS Remember that figure 3-2 is on a fold-out page that you may want to refer to as you read this chapter. The KLN 90B has five knobs and seven buttons which are used to perform all operations.
3-12 Rev 1 3.4.1 Page Selection It’s now time for learning to select a desired page. NOTE: The cursor function, which is controlled by the left and right C (cursor) buttons, is not used in selecting pages and the C buttons should not be pressed at this time.
3-13 Rev 1 Page Annunciation Knob Annunciation Page Name Page Numbers CTR CTR Center Wpt. 1-2 REF REF Reference Wpt. None ACT ACTV Active Wpt. ** D/T D/T Distance/Time 1-4 NAV NAV Navigation 1-5 APT APT Airport Wpt. 1-8 VOR VOR VOR Wpt. None NDB NDB NDB Wpt.
3-14 Rev 1 3.4.2 Data Entry Now that you’ve learned how to select the desired page, you’re ready to learn the means of entering data. It is necessary to enter data, for example, in order to specify a Direct To waypoint of your choice. The general proce- dure for entering a waypoint identifier is described below.
3-15 Rev 1 3.4.3 Alternative Waypoint Data Entry Method There is another method of data entry for waypoints which you will sometimes find convenient. This method applies when there is a page on the left side of the screen with the cursor over a field where a waypoint is enterable.
3-16 Rev 1 3.5 MESS A GE P A GE Whenever the KLN 90B determines that there is a situ a - tion that requires your attention, the MSG prompt begins flashing in inverse video at the bottom of the display just to the right of the mode of operation (figure 3-55).
3-17 Rev 1 3.6 INITIALIZ A TION AND TIME T O FIRST FIX Since the KLN 90B stores its position and other required parameters in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary to aid the unit in reac h - ing a NAV ready condition.
3-18 Rev 1 1. Select the Setup 1 page ( SET 1 ) by first turning the left outer knob to display a SET type page. Next, turn the left inner knob until the SET 1 page is selected (figure 3-57). 2. Press the left C to bring the cursor on the page over the WPT field (figure 3-58).
3-19 Rev 1 NOTE: The groundspeed (KT) and heading ( ° ) fields are not used for actual initialization in an aircraft. However, if the KLN 90B is in the take-home mode, entering a groundspeed will allow the KLN 90B to “fly” along the active flight plan (or to a direct to waypoint) starting from the initialization waypoint.
3-20 Rev 1 3.7 SELECTING W A YPOINTS There are five types of waypoints: airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, and supplemental. Waypoints in the pub- lished database (those in the cartridge) fall into one of the first four types.
3-21 Rev 1 Did you notice that as you entered the “K” in step 3 that the second and third characters also changed? That is because every time you enter a character (in this case the “K”), the KLN 90B searches its database to offer the first waypoint in the database which begins with the char- acters you have already entered.
3-22 Rev 1 3.7.3 “Nearest” And “Complete” Waypoint Scan Lists There are actually two waypoint scan lists for airports, VORs, and NDBs. These two lists are the “complete” list and the “nearest” list. The complete list contains all of the waypoints in the database for a waypoint type (all the air- ports for example).
3-23 Rev 1 5 . Turn the left inner knob to select either HRD SF T or to selec t HRD . If HRD SF T is chosen, then both hard and soft surface runways meeting the required runway length will be included in the nearest airport list. If HR D is chosen, then only hard surface runways will be included.
3-24 Rev 1 3.7.3.2 Continuous Display Of Nearest Airport When the nearest airport page is initially displayed, “NR 1” is displayed in the upper right hand corner of the page to designate this airport as the nearest airport.
3-25 Rev 1 4. Turn the right inner knob to display the first character of the waypoint name, “N” in this case (figure 3-78). 5. Turn the right outer knob one step clockwise and then use the right inner knob to enter the second character, “A” (figure 3-79).
3-26 Rev 1 11. Rotate the right outer knob one more step clockwise to position the cursor over the fifth character. 12. Pull the right inner knob to the “out” position (figure 3- 84). Once again rotate the knob to scan through all the airport names beginning with “NEWP”.
3-27 Rev 1 3.8 DIRECT T O OPERA TION The D button is used to initiate Direct To operation (navigation from your present position direct to your desti- nation). When D is pressed, the Direct To page will be displayed on the left side with a flashing cursor over a waypoint identifier (figure 3-87).
3-28 Rev 1 3.8.1 Direct To-Procedure 1 1 . Press D . The Direct To page is displayed on the left side (figure 3-87). The cursor will already be on the left page. A waypoint identifier may or may not be di s - played, it doesn’t matter at this point.
3-29 Rev 1 3 . Pres s E to approve the waypoint page displayed on the right side. The right side will now display the NAV 1 page, and the left side will return to the page which was displayed prior to pressing D (figure 3-96).
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3-31 Rev 1 3.9 THE N A VIG A TION P A GES As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information relating specifically to the KLN 90B’s navig a - tion capabilities. The KLN 90B has five NAV pages. Unlike any other pages, these pages may be selected and viewed on both the left and right sides of the screen.
3-32 Rev 1 3.9.2 The Super NAV 1 Page When the NAV 1 page is selected on both the left and right sides at the same time, the Super NAV 1 page is displayed (figure 3-102). The Super NAV 1 page contains exactly the same information as the standard NAV 1 page but spreads the data out across the entire screen making it even easier to view.
3-33 Rev 1 • Minimum Safe Altitude for present position (MSA ) - IMPORTANT : The minimum safe altitude displayed is the altitude defined by Jeppesen as “Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid MORA)”. This altitude is derived by Jeppesen for sectors which are one degree of latitude by one degree of longitude in size.
3-34 Rev 1 3.9.5 The Navigation 4 Page (NAV 4) The NAV 4 page (figure 3-107) is used for altitude alerting and for advisory vertical navigation (VNAV). The oper a - tion of altitude alerting is described in section 3.15 and the operation of VNAV is described in section 5.
3-35 Rev 1 knob to display N ? for North up, DTK ? for desired track up (figure 3-112), TK ? for actual track up (figure 3-113), or HDG ? for heading up (figure 3-114). The heading up selection is not presented as a choice if heading is not provided to the KLN 90B.
3-36 Rev 1 3.9.7 The Super NAV 5 Page Regardless of whether you ultimately learn to use just the Direct To capabilities of the KLN 90B or whether you master all of its sophisticated features, you will.
3-37 Rev 1 Like the NAV 5 page, the Super NAV 5 page shows a graphics depiction of the direct to waypoint or the way- points making up the active flight plan. But surprise nu m - ber one is that the Super NAV 5 page shows alphan u - meric waypoint identifiers on the graphics display to make orientation even easier for you.
3-38 Rev 1 The last surprise for this page is that it is possible for you to change the active waypoint to any of the flight plan waypoints without having to leave this very useful page. This is done by pulling on the right inner knob to place it in the “out” position.
3-39 Rev 1 3.10 SPECIAL USE AIRSP A CE ALERT The KLN 90B database contains the location of areas of special use airspace (SUA). The types of SUA areas stored in the database and the abbreviations used.
3-40 Rev 1 update the altimeter baro setting on the ALT page each time you make a change to an aircraft’s altime- ter setting. NOTE: If there is no altitude input to the KLN 90B, all alti- tudes will be regarded as being within the boundary of the SUA area.
3-41 Rev 1 The SUA alert feature may be disabled (or enabled) on the Setup 8 (SET 8) page, shown in figure 3-129. After displaying the SET 8 page on the left side, press the left C to turn on the left cursor function. The left inner knob is used to display AIRSPACE ALERT ENABLE or AIR- SPACE ALERT DISABLE.
3-42 Rev 1 3.11 VIEWING THE W A YPOINT P A GES You learned in section 3.7, “SELECTING WAYPOINTS”, the different means of selecting the desired waypoint. You will now see what information may be displayed for each of the waypoint types (airport, VOR, NDB, interse c - tion, and supplemental).
3-43 Rev 1 3.11.3 The Airport 2 Page (APT 2) See figure 3-135. • Airport identifier. An arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. • The city where the airport is located. • The state if the airport is located in the United States, the Province if located in Canada, or the country out- side the United States and Canada.
3-44 Rev 1 The primary APT 3 page (figure 3-137) follows the run- way diagram. Runway designation, lighting, and types of surface for up to five runways are displayed in order of length, beginning with the longest.
3-45 Rev 1 3.11.5 The Airport 4 Page (APT 4) See figure 3-138 The APT 4 page is used to display communication fr e - quencies for the selected airport.
3-46 Rev 1 The frequencies associated with CL B, CL C, TRSA, CTA, or TMA are VFR frequencies. Airports which have one of these categories of frequencies also have APR and DEP which are IFR frequencies. Where required, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, TRSA, CTA, and TMA frequencies are sectorized.
3-47 Rev 1 3.11.6 The Airport 5 Page (APT 5) The Airport 5 page is used to store and display user- entered remarks. These remarks might include informa- tion on lodging, dining, airport services, or anything else you desire to record for later use. Up to 100 airports may contain these remarks.
3-48 Rev 1 3.11.7 The Airport 6 Page (APT 6) The APT 6 page shows aeronautical services available for the selected airport. These services include customs, fuel, and oxygen availability as well as an indicator to denote the presence of a landing fee. Refer to figure 3-146.
3-49 Rev 1 3.11.8 The Airport 7 Page (APT 7) The APT 7 page shows the SID and STAR procedures that are available for the selected airport. If both SID and STAR procedures are available then there will be two APT 7 pages indicated by APT+ 7 (figure 3-147).
3-50 Rev 1 3.11.11 The NDB Page The NDB page shown in figure 3-153 for Ottawa NDB is used to illustrate the contents of an NDB page. • NDB identifier. An arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. • The name of the NDB. • The NDB frequency (kHz).
3-51 Rev 1 5 . Pres s E to display the waypoint page for the identi- fier just entered. 6 . Pres s E to approve the waypoint page. The Intersection page is displayed with the computed radial and distance (figure 3-158). 7 . Press the right C to turn off the right cursor function.
3-52 Rev 1 3.12 FRE Q UENCIES FOR NEAREST FLIGHT SE R VICE S TA TIONS The KLN 90B stores in its database the locations of Flight Service Stations (FSS) and their remote communications sites. In addition, the KLN 90B determines which two of these FSS points of communication are closest to your present location.
3-53 Rev 1 3.14 VIEWING AND SETTING THE D A TE AND TIME The KLN 90B system time and date should seldom, if ever, require updating because they are automatically updated when at least one satellite is received. In addition, the KLN 90B contains an internal battery powered calendar clock to keep system time and date when the unit is not being used.
3-54 Rev 1 If it is required to set the time: 1 . Select the SET 2 page on the left side. 2 . Press the left C to turn on the left cursor function if it is not on already. 3 . Use the left outer knob to position the cursor over the time zone (figure 3-169).
3-55 Rev 1 3.15 AL TITUDE ALER TING If your aircraft does not already have an altitude alerting capability you may wish to use the KLN 90B’s capability of assisting you with altitude management during your flying.
3-56 Rev 1 5. Enter the selected altitude one digit at a time in the SEL field of the NAV 4 page by using the right outer knob to position the cursor over the desired digit and the right inner knob to change the digits until the entire selected altitude is displayed (figure 3-180).
3-57 Rev 1 The volume of the aural alarm tone is changeable on the SET 9 page (figure 3-181). Press the left C to activate the left cursor and use the left inner and outer knobs to select a desired volume between 00 and 99. Increasing numbers increases the volume.
3-58 Rev 1 3.16 HEIGHT ABO VE AIRPOR T ALERT The height above airport alert feature can provide you a means of knowing when you are at traffic pattern altitude or when you are at a fixed height above the airport where you might perform any repetitive duty.
3-59 Rev 1 The alert tone is provided in the same way as described in section 3.15, “Altitude Alerting”. The volume is adjustable on the SET 9 page. In order to use the height above airport alert, an altitude input must be provided to the KLN 90B.
3-60 Rev 1 3.18 SAMPLE TRIP Just to make sure you are ready to use the KLN 90B for navigation, let’s go through a sample trip to illustrate many of the features you have learned to use in this sec- tion of the Pilot’s Guide. Our trip will be from Adams field (KLIT) in Little Rock, Arkansas to Mueller Municipal air- port (KAUS) in Austin, Texas.
3-61 Rev 1 While the display menu is displayed, select the track up map orientation (TK) as well. Pressing the right C again removes the menu from the screen. You select the 30 nm range scale on the left side using the left C and left knobs. You also decide to display ETE, DTK, and TK on the left side of the map display by using the left knobs.
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4-1 Rev 1 This is the second of four chapters specifically dealing with operating the KLN 90B. In this chapter you will learn to create and use flight plans.
4-2 Rev 1 4.1.1 Creating A Flight Plan A flight plan for a flight from Lakefront airport in New Orleans, LA. to St. Petersburg/Clearwater, FL. International airport will be used as an example of how to create a flight plan.
4-3 Rev 1 that, for some reason, the governing agencies have decided that it is important to fly directly over the waypoint instead of being able to “cut the corner” by using turn anticipation (see section 4.2.2). In these cases the KLN 90B will present a waypoint type identification page (Figure 4-7a).
4-4 Rev 1 4. Press E to activate the flight plan in the order shown (figure 4-12). To activate the flight plan in inverse order (first waypoint becomes last and last waypoint becomes first), rotate the left outer knob one step clockwise to position the cursor over USE? INVRT? before pressing E (figure 4-13).
4-5 Rev 1 4.1.4 Deleting A Waypoint From A Flight Plan To delete a waypoint from a flight plan: 1. Press the left C to enable the left cursor function if it is not on already. 2. Rotate the left outer knob as necessary to position the cursor over the waypoint to be deleted (figure 4-19).
4-6 Rev 1 4.1.6 Storing FPL 0 As A Numbered Flight Plan The active flight plan may be loaded into a numbered flight plan so that it can be recalled for later use. This may be desirable, for example, if the active flight plan was originally created on the FPL 0 page and not as a num- bered flight plan.
4-7 Rev 1 4.2 OPER A TING F R OM THE A CTIVE FLIGHT PLAN 4.2.1 General Procedures Everything you have learned in this Pilot’s Guide thus far is applicable to using the KLN 90B for flight plan oper a - tion.
4-8 Rev 1 • If the flight plan contains more waypoints than can be displayed on the screen at one time, the page will automatically scroll as progress is made along the flight plan so that the active leg is always displayed (figure 4-32).
4-9 Rev 1 The desired track ( DTK ) displayed on the NAV 3 page also changes to the value for the next leg at the beginning of turn anticipation. Turn anticipation becomes inactive when transition to the next leg has been made. In some installtions the KLN 90B can “read” the selected course set on external CDIs or HSIs.
4-10 Rev 1 4.2.3 Viewing The Waypoint Pages For The Active Flight Plan Waypoints The waypoint pages(s) for each of the waypoints in the active flight plan may be easily displayed by selecting the Active Waypoint page type ( ACT ) on the right side.
4-11 Rev 1 1 . Select the FPL 0 page of the left side. 2 . Press the left C and then use the left outer knob to position the cursor over the desired waypoint (figure 4- 40). 3 . Pres s D . The waypoint page for the selected waypoint in FPL 0 will be displayed on the right side (figure 4-41).
4-12 Rev 1 If a non-flight plan page is displayed on the left, the format of the D/T 1 page changes to display just the distance and ETE for the active waypoint and for the last waypoint in the flight plan (figure 4-46).
4-13 Rev 1 4.2.9 The Distance/Time 4 Page (D/T 4) The format of the D/T 4 page does not change. It dis- plays on a single page the pertinent times for the flight regardless of what is displayed on the left page and regardless of whether flight plan or Direct To operation is occurring (figure 4-53).
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4-15 4.3 SAMPLE TRIP Let’s use a sample trip to illustrate some of the KLN 90B’s flight plan features you learned to use in this section of the Pilot’s Guide. The flight will be from Lakefront airport in New Orleans, LA. ( KNEW ) to St. Petersburg/Clearwater, FL.
4-16 Rev 1 4.3.1 Pre-Departure 1 . After turn-on and approval of the Self Test and Database pages, the APT 4 page (airport communic a - tion frequencies) for KNE W is displayed on the right side of the screen. Viewing the APT 4 page, you set up the COMMs for ATIS, Clearance Delivery, Ground, and Tower.
4-17 Rev 1 3 . As you pass abeam GPT, the leg orientation automat i - cally changes to the second leg (figure 4-61). 4 . After joining the second leg of the flight plan, you view the D/T 1 page to see that the ETE to SJ I is 14 min- utes and that the ETE to your destination is 2 hours and 28 minutes.
4-18 Rev 1 8 . When you are 20 NM West of MAI , you decide to pro- ceed direct to Cross City VOR ( CTY ). To do this from the Super NAV 5 page, you pull out the right inner knob and scan through the active flight plan until CTY is displayed (figure 4-66).
5-1 5.1 TRIP PLANNING There are seven Trip Planning pages ( TRI ) that can be displayed on the left side of the screen. The KLN 90B allows three kinds of trip planning. The TRI 1 and TRI 2 pages team together to provide trip planning from your present position to any waypoint of your choice.
5-2 5.1.1 The Trip Planning 0 Page (TRI 0) If desired, you may enter the aircraft’s true airspeed ( TAS ) and the winds aloft on the TRI 0 page so that this information is utilized on the other Trip Planning pages.
5-3 5.1.2 The Trip Planning 1 And Trip Planning 2 Pages (TRI 1 and TRI 2) The TRI 1 and TRI 2 pages allow trip planning from your present position to any waypoint of your choice.
5-4 7. You can also calculate an estimate of the fuel required to the selected waypoint. Turn the left outer knob to position the cursor over the appropriate first digit adjacent to fuel flow ( FF ). 8. Use the left inner and outer knobs as before to enter the aircraft’s rate of fuel flow.
5-5 5.1.3 The Trip Planning 3 And Trip Planning 4 Pages (TRI 3 and TRI 4) The TRI 3 and TRI 4 pages allow trip planning between any two waypoints. The KLN 90B does not have to be receiving GPS signals or even be connected to an antenna in order to utilize these pages.
5-6 Rev 1 5.1.4 The Trip Planning 5 And Trip Planning 6 Pages (TRI 5 and TRI 6) The TRI 5 and TRI 6 pages are used to do trip planning for any one of the previously entered flight plans (FPL 0, FPL 1, FPL 2, ..., FPL 25). The KLN 90B does not have to be receiving GPS signals or even be connected to an antenna in order to utilize these pages.
5-7 Rev 1 5.2 A D VISO R Y VN A V OPER A TION The KLN 90B’s vertical navigation feature (VNAV) allows you to program a descent or ascent path, and then provides you with an advisory altitude to fly that will provide guidance along the vertical path.
5-8 Rev 1 Figure 5-28 |VNV 7500ft | |IND 07500ft |SEL:01900ft |KDBQ :-02nm |ANGLE:-1.8^ NAV 4 4 . Use the outer knob to move the cursor to the offset field adjacent to the active waypoint identifier. Entering an offset allows you to reach the desired altitude a specified distance before reaching the way- point.
5-9 Rev 1 5.2.2 VNAV For Flight Plan Operation Using the vertical navigation function when flying via a flight plan is virtually the same as for the previous Direct To example. The NAV 4 page will initially contain the identifier for the active “to” waypoint in the flight plan.
5-10 Rev 1 5.3 CALCULA T OR P A GES There are seven Calculator pages which may be used to calculate a variety of flight related information such as pressure and density altitude, true airspeed, winds aloft, VNAV angle, and time zone conversions.
5-11 Rev 1 The density altitude ( DEN ) is now displayed. 6. Press the left C to turn off the left cursor function. NOTE: If a compatible air data system is interfaced to the KLN 90B the Other 10 ( OTH 10 ) page displays pressure and density altitude directly for the present conditions.
5-12 Rev 1 5.3.3 The Calculator 3 Page (CAL 3) The CAL 3 page is used to determine the present wind direction and speed. In addition, the headwind or tailwind component of the wind is displayed. To calculate these values: 1. Select the CAL 3 page on the left side (figure 5-37).
5-13 Rev 1 5.3.5 The Calculator 5 Page (CAL 5) The CAL 5 page is used to perform two types of conver- sions: 1) Degrees Centigrade (C) to degrees Fahrenheit (F) and vice versa and 2) knots ( KT ) to miles per hour ( MPH ) and vice versa. To use the CAL 5 page: 1.
5-14 Rev 1 5.3.6 The Calculator 6 Page (CAL 6) The CAL 6 page is used to convert any time in one time zone to the corresponding time in another time zone.
5-15 5.3.7 The Calculator 7 Page (CAL 7) The CAL 7 page is used to display the times of sunrise and sunset for any waypoint in the published or user database. It can do this for any date you desire until December 31, 2087. Amazing you say! Yes, but it’s true! To use the CAL 7 page: 1.
5-16 Rev 1 Figure 5-55 | FARM | | | |N 42^26.91' |W 91^11.22' |APT 1 5.4 USER-DEFINED W A YPOINTS Up to 250 user-defined waypoints may be created. These waypoints may be defined as a user-defined air- port, VOR, NDB, or intersection.
5-17 Rev 1 8 . If instead, you wish to create a waypoint at a position that you specify, position the cursor ove r USER POS ? and press E . A page with the identifier at the top and dashes at the bottom will now be di s - played (figure 5-56). The cursor will be over the dashed latitude field.
5-18 Rev 1 Figure 5-67 | HICUP |REF: RSW |RAD: 182.7^ |DIS: 7.0nm |N 26^24.80' |W 81^46.65' INT 5.4.2 Creating A VOR User Waypoint A user-defined VOR waypoint must contain an identifier, magnetic variation, latitude, and longitude.
5-19 Rev 1 2 . Use the right C and the right inner and outer knobs in the manner previously described in section 5.4.1, “Creating An Airport User Waypoint”, to select the waypoint identifier (figure 5-68). 3 . Rotate the right outer knob to position the cursor over USER POS ? and press E .
5-20 Rev 1 5.4.5 Deleting User-Defined Waypoints A listing of all user-defined waypoints is contained on the Other 3 page ( OTH 3 ). See figure 5-77. The user- defined waypoints are listed by category; airports ( A ) are first, VORs ( V ) are second, NDBs ( N ) are third, inter- sections ( I ) are fourth, and Supplemental waypoints ( S ) are last.
5-21 Rev 1 5.5 REFERENCE W A YPOINTS Creating a Reference Waypoint is a method of adding a waypoint to any flight plan. The Reference Waypoint lies on the great circle route between two other way- points in the flight plan.
5-22 Rev 1 5. Press E to display the waypoint page for the way- point just entered. 6. Press E again to display the waypoint page for the newly created Reference Waypoint (figure 5-85). The waypoint that was used to create the Reference Waypoint is automatically inserted into the REF field.
5-23 Rev 1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
Figure 5-87 DENVER MINNEAPOLIS DENVER McCOOK GOODLAND DENVER ALBUQUERQUE KANSAS CITY ALBUQUERQUE ALBUQUERQUE FT WORTH AMARILLO WICHIT A TULSA DALLAS-FT WORTH ABILENE OMAHA KANSAS CITY LUBBOCK MEMPHIS FT WORTH MINNEAPOLIS KANSAS CITY CENTER W A YPOINTS (Not For Actual Navigation) DENVER KANSAS CITY 327 ° 29.
5-25 Rev 1 5.6 CENTER W A YPOINTS Like Reference Waypoints, creating Center Waypoints is a method of adding waypoints to a flight plan. The word “Center” refers to air route traffic control center (ARTCC) or area control center (ACC). In some parts of the world these are referred to as “FIRs”.
5-26 Rev 1 ( PVW ) is the nearest VOR to the first Center Waypoint location, the 0 0 is appended to PV W to create PVW00 . I f PV W were later used in the creation of another Center Waypoint, the second waypoint’s identifier would be PVW01 . The second line of the CTR 2 page shows the “from” Center followed by the “to” Center.
5-27 Rev 1 5.6.3 Creating Center Waypoints After Modifying A Flight Plan Once Center Waypoints have been inserted into a flight plan, they are treated like any other waypoints in the flight plan. If a flight plan containing Center Waypoints is modified in any way, you may recompute new Center Waypoints.
5-28 Rev 1 5.7 PROGRAMMING THE TURN-ON P A GE You may personalize your KLN 90B by programming information on the Turn-On page. Up to four lines, each containing 23 characters, may be entered. The charac- ters A through Z, the numbers 0 through 9, and spaces may be used.
5-29 Rev 1 5.8 THE ST A TUS P A GES There are four Status pages. The Status 1 and Status 2 pages display information pertaining specifically to the GPS receiver while the Status 3 and Status 4 pages display supplementary information pertaining to the KLN 90B.
5-30 Rev 1 initialization process the receiver begins the acquisition process. During this time, the visible satellites are being acquired and data from them is obtained. The transition state indicates an adequate number of satellites for navigation has been acquired and is being tracked but no position data can yet be produced.
5-31 5.8.2 Determining KLN 90B Software Status And Operational Time The Status 3 page (figure 5-103) displays the software revision status of the KLN 90B host computer and of the GPS receiver. A field called OBS CAL is also included on this page. This value indicates the calibration of the internal resolver circuitry of the KLN 90B.
5-32 Rev 1 5.9 MODES OF OPERA TION The KLN 90B allows you to choose how the course to the active waypoint is defined. This is done by selecting between the two course modes, LEG and OBS. The LEG mode means that the course to the active waypoint is selected by the KLN 90B, and is the default mode when the KLN 90B starts up.
5-33 Rev 1 2 . Rotate the left inner knob to select the MOD page for the desired mode: MOD 1 to select Leg or MOD 2 to select OBS (figure 5-108). 3 . Pres s E (figure 5-109). The mode change is com- plete and you may return to any desired page. It is not possible to change the mode by using the MOD pages when an external switch is installed.
5-34 Rev 1 due Westerly, and finally Southwesterly by the time you reach Manila. Of course, your trips with the KLN 90B will be substantially shorter and the desired track will probably change only a few degrees. 3 . Automatic waypoint sequencing is provided during flight plan operation.
5-35 Rev 1 must be the displayed navigation source on the external indicator. When the KLN 90B is not the displayed navigation source on the external indicator or if the KLN 90B is interfaced with an EFIS system, it is possible to change the selected course from several pages on the KLN 90B.
5-36 Rev 1 5.9.4 Switching From The Leg Mode To The OBS Mode The following mode transition occurs if the KLN 90B is in the Leg mode and the mode is changed to the OBS mode: 1 . The waypoint that was active in Leg mode prior to the mode change remains the active waypoint in OBS mode.
5-37 Rev 1 5.9.6 Going Direct-To A Waypoint While in the OBS Mode The direct-to function will select the OBS value that will take the aircraft from the present position direct to the active waypoint w.
5-38 Rev 1 If it is desired to change the CDI scale factor to another value, use the following procedure: 1. Select either the MOD 1 or MOD 2 page. 2. Press the left C . If necessary, use the left outer knob to move the cursor over the value of the CDI scale (figure 5-120).
5-39 5.10 THE FUEL MANA GEMENT P A GES Certain models of fuel management computers manu - factured by Shadin Company, ARNAV System, Inc, and Sheltech Ltd.
5-40 Rev 1 • The fuel presently on board ( FOB ). In most installa- tions this is defined by using the fuel flow computer’s control unit. However, if the KLN 90B is interfaced with a compatible Shadin fuel flow computer, it is possible to define the fuel on board by using the KLN 90B.
5.10.2 The Other 6 Page (OTH 6) The OTH 6 page displays the following information (figure 5-125): • The endurance ( ENDUR ) in hours and minutes. The endurance is calculated based on the amount of fuel remaining after subtracting out the reserve ( RES ) you entered on the OTH 5 or the OTH 6 page from the present fuel on board.
5-42 5.11 THE AIR D A T A P A GES The Bendix/King KAD 280 and KAD 480 air data systems as well as specific models of Shadin Company air data systems may be interfaced to the KLN 90B.
5-43 5.11.1 The Other 9 Page (OTH 9) Without a fuel management system this becomes the OTH 5 page. The following information is displayed (figure 5-130): TAS True airspeed (the true speed of an aircraft through the surrounding air mass) MACH Mach number (the ratio of the true airspeed to the speed of sound at a particular flight condition).
5-44 5.12 OPER A TION OUTSIDE THE PRIMA R Y C O VER A GE AREA The KLN 90B’s primary coverage area is from N 74 ° to S 60 ° latitude as was shown in figure 3-1. All navigation data presented outside this area is automatically refer- enced to true North unless a manual input of magnetic variation is made on the SET 2 page.
5-45 The active flight plan is the only flight plan available when there is no database cartridge. There is no way to gain access to flight plans one through 25.
5-46 5.14 USING THE T AKE-HOME MODE It is very likely that the KLN 90B will become your “best friend” in the cockpit. As with any good friend, you may need some time to get well-acquainted.
6-1 This is the last chapter on the operation of the KLN 90B. In this chapter you will learn how to use the KLN 90B for non-precision approaches as well as SID/STAR proc e - dures. All of these procedures require that you are com- fortable with the operation of the unit as presented up to this point.
6-2 Rev 1 17 35 14 32 MAP FA F IAF ARP Approac h Arm CDI Scale Factor ± 1.0 nm CDI Scale Factor ± 5.0 nm CDI Scale Factor constant at ± 0.3 nm CDI Scale Factor changing fr om ± 1.
6-3 General Procedure for Non-Precision Approaches Non-precision approaches will all have the general flow of events as follows. Refer to figure 6-1. 1 . Select and load the approach into the flight plan. This can be done at almost any time but must be co m - pleted before reaching the Final Approach Fix and should be done as soon as possible.
6-4 6.1.1 Selecting An Approach The first item in the list from the previous section is to select and load the approach into the active flight plan. Approaches are selected from the APT 8 (or ACT 8) page of the airport for which you desire to shoot the approach.
6-5 8. The KLN 90B will then bring up the FPL 0 page and put the sequence of approach waypoints in front of the airport reference point (figure 6-8). NOTE: At any time during the process of selecting an approach you can easily return to the previous step by pressing the @ button.
6-6 Fxyyy • F stands for Final Approach Fix Ixyyy • I stands for Intermediate Fix Cxyyy • C stands for Course Fix Mxyyy • M stands for Missed Approach Point RWzzz • RW stands for Runway Fix. This is usually the MAP for the approach • zzz will be a runway number possibly including L for Left, R for Right, C for Center, or B for Both.
6-7 m - The Missed Approach Point (MAP) of the approach h - The missed approach holding point for the approach Every approach will have a FAF and a MAP. Almost all will have an IAF and missed approach holding point. Another item that you should notice in the flight plan is the line that has *NO WPT SEQ on it (figure 6-9).
6-8 6.1.4 Example Approach: No Procedure Turn Now that you know the basics of inserting an approach into the flight plan, we can now show the approach opera- tion of the unit by several examples. This first example will use the approach that was loaded into the flight plan in section 6.
6-9 90B will provide a message telling you to set the external indicator (CDI or HSI) to a new value. If desired track (DTK) is shown on the screen, this value will flash when the external selected course does not match the DTK within 10°.
6-10 6.1.5 Example Approach: Off-Airport Navaid An approach that is quite common is an approach that is based off of an off-airport navaid. An example of this is the VOR RWY 22 approach to Clovis New Mexico Municipal airport, KCVN. To fly this procedure as pub- lished use the following steps and refer to figure 6-17 for the procedure.
6-11 4. If a course reversal is required, then upon reaching TXO perform the appropriate holding pattern entry and set the inbound course on the external CDI or HSI. In this example the inbound course is 241°. At this point the KLN 90B works very similar to a conventional VOR/DME.
6-12 6.1.6 Example Approach: Radar Vectors For this example we will use the same approach that was used in the previous section except this approach will be conducted with the help of radar vectors from approach control.
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6-14 6.1.7 Example Approach: On-Airport Navaid Another common type of approach is an approach that is based on an on-airport navaid. These could be either VOR or NDB approaches. An example of this type of approach is the VOR RWY 24 approach to Bowman airport in Louisville, Kentucky (Figure 6-21).
6-15 6. When the aircraft is 2 NM from the FAF, the KLN 90B will verify that the proper GPS integrity is available. If integrity monitoring is available for the approach, then the KLN 90B will change to the Approach Active mode. This will be annunciated on the external approach status annunciator as well as on the KLN 90B.
6-16 6.1.8 Example Approach: DME Arc DME arc procedures with the KLN 90B are completely different from using traditional VOR and DME equipment. Don’t worry though because DME arc procedures using the KLN 90B are also easier than using traditional equip- ment.
6-17 solely on the present radial and the defined arc dis- tance from the reference VOR. For this reason it is better to delay selecting approaches that contain DME arcs until the aircraft is closer to the destination. 4. With the cursor over LOAD IN FPL , press E .
6-18 NOTE: If the present track does not intercept the arc, then the KLN 90B will display NO INTRCPT in the scratch pad area of the screen. 8 . When the aircraft approaches the arc the KLN 90B will provide waypoint alerting and turn anticipation to join the arc.
6-19 14. The visual descent point is identified by the along track distance to the MAP to be 1.5 NM. When the air- craft reaches this point (figure 6-28), and the runway envi- ronment is in sight, it is possible to descend for a landing. If a missed approach is needed use the following steps: 15.
6-20 The destination waypoint will, by default, be the missed approach point of an approach loaded in the flight plan. If there is no approach in the flight plan, then the default waypoint is the last waypoint in the active flight plan. Of course it is possible for you to enter any waypoint in this field.
6-21 6.2 SID/ST AR PROCEDURES The database in the KLN 90B also contains the pilot NAV SIDs (Standard Instrument Departures) and STARs (Standard Terminal Arrival Routes) for the primary database coverage area (see Chapter 2 for database coverage areas).
6-22 1 . Select KSFO on one of the airport pages (figure 6-32). If you are operating from an active flight plan you can use the ACT 7 page for KSFO by scanning through the active flight plan (see section 4.2.3). 2 . If not already displayed, rotate the right inner knob until the APT 7 page appears as in figure 6-33.
6-23 3. Turn the right cursor on by pressing the right C , and, if necessary, rotate the right outer knob until the flashing cursor is over the desired STAR. With the cursor over AQN4 (figure 6-40), press E . 4. The KLN 90B will now ask which transition you want to use.
6-24 3. Use the left inner and outer knobs in the normal manner to define the desired waypoint. 4. Press E to display the waypoint page for this identifier. If the waypoint is correct, then press E a sec- ond time to confirm the waypoint page. The new waypoint is added to the waypoints that make up the SID or STAR procedure.
6-25 6.2.4 Example of a SID Procedure To illustrate the use of the KLN 90B with a SID, the Porte Nine departure loaded into the flight plan i n section 6.2.1 will be used. This procedure is one of the more difficult that you are likely to come across.
6-26 6.2.5 Example of a STAR Procedure To illustrate the use of the KLN 90B with STAR procedures the steps required to fly Acton Four arrival to Dallas/Fort Worth International will be shown in this sec- tion. This procedure is considerably simpler than the SID example shown in section 6.
Rev 1 A-1 BRG - Bearing to waypoint (degrees) DA - Drift Angle (degrees) - not displayed on KLN 90B DIS - Distance to waypoint (nm) DTK - Desired Track (degrees) OBS - Selected Course GS - Groundspeed.
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Rev 1 B-1 The following is a list of the messages that can appear on the Message page. When the message prompt appears, press MSG to view the message page. See section 3.5 for an explanation of the Message page. ACTV ANNUNCIATOR FAIL - This message appears when there is a failure of the KLN 90B ACTV annuncia- tor drive circuitry.
Rev 1 B-2 BATTERY LOW: SERVICE REQUIRED TO PREVENT LOSS OF USER DATA - This message appears when the KLN 90B’s internal battery is low and needs replac- ing at an authorized Bendix/King service center. The battery should be replaced within a week to prevent the loss of all user-defined data including waypoints, airport remarks, flight plans, etc.
RAIM NOT AVAILABLE APR MODE INHIBITED PREDICT RAIM ON STA 5 - This message appears when integrity monitoring (RAIM) is predicted to not be available at either the FAF or the MAP. The KLN 90B will not allow the unit to go into the approach active mode until conditions improve.
RS-232 OUTPUT ERROR - This message appears when the RS 232 output fails an internal test. Anything connected to the RS 232 output bus, such as some moving map displays and ELTs (for position reporting), will not be fully functional. Do not use moving map dis- plays that depend on the KLN 90B’s RS 232 output if this message is displayed.
Rev 1 C-1 Status line messages are short operational messages that are displayed in the lower center segment of the screen. (See section 3.3 and figure 3-37).
Rev 1 C-2 NO INTRCEPT - (No Intercept) Appears when an attempt is made to recalculate the intercept point on a DME arc and the actual track does not intercept with the arc. Change the track (heading) of the aircraft so that the actual track does intercept the DME arc and try again.
Rev 1 D-1 STATE ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION STATE AK Alaska AL Alabama AR Arkansas AZ Arizona CA California CO Colorado CT Connecticut DC District of Columbia DE Delaware FL Florida GA Georgia IA Iowa .
Rev 1 D-2 CMR Cameroon CNR Canary Islands COG Congo COK Cook Islands COL Colombia/San Andres CRI Costa Rica CRO Croatia CSK Czechoslovakia CUB Cuba CYM Cayman Islands CYP Cypress DEU Germany DJI Djibo.
Rev 1 D-3 PYF French Polynesia/ Society I./Tuamotu QAT Qatar ROM Romania RWA Rwanda SAU Saudi Arabia SDN Sudan SEN Senegal SGP Singapore SHN Ascension Island/St. Helena SLB Solomon Islands SLE Sierra Leone SLO Slovenia SLV El Salvador SOM Somalia SPM St.
Rev 1 D-4 BRL Berlin BRN Barnaul BRR Barranquilla BRS Brasilia BRT Beirut BRU Brussels BRV Bratislava BRY Beryozovo BRZ Brazzaville BSK Bratsk BST Brest BUC Bucharest BUD Budapest BUJ Bujumbura CAI Ca.
Rev 1 D-5 LUS Lusaka LVO Lvov MAD Madrid MAG Magadan MAI Maiquetia MAL Male MAN Manila MAR Marseille MAU Mauritius MAZ Mazatlan MAZ Mazatlan Oceanic MDR Madras MEL Melbourne MEM Memphis MEN Mendoza ME.
Rev 1 D-6 SUR Surgut SWI Switzerland SYD Sydney SYK Syktyvkar SYM Seymchan TAE Taegu TAH Tahiti Oceanic TAI Taipei TAL Tallinn TAM Tampere TAS Tashkent TAZ Tashavz TBI Tbilisi TEH Tehran TEL Tel Aviv .
Rev 1 D-7 DEST Destination DEV Deviation (on external course devation indicator) DIR Director (freq) DIS Distance DNGR Danger area DTK Desired track DUP Duplicate E East EDT Eastern Daylight Time ELE .
V VNAV status (on Super NAV 5) V VOR approach overlay procedure V VOR waypoint VERT Vertical VNV Vertical navigation (VNAV) W Weak W West WARN Warning area WPT Waypoint WRN Warn XTK Cross track error .
Rev 1 E-1 The KLN 90B utilizes latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and hundredths of a minute. You may occasionally see a document expressing latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds. You may use this table to convert seconds to hundredths of a minute.
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Rev 1 I-1 A Abbreviations Airport names 3-26, 3-42 ARTCC/FIR D-3 Canadian province D-1 Country D-1 Other KLN 90B D-6 State D-1 ACT page (active flight plan waypoints) 4-10 Actual track 3-32, 3-34, A-1.
Rev 1 I-2 Database 2-1 Navigation 3-1 Cross track error 3-32, A-1 CTA 3-39, 3-42 CTR 1 page (Center 1) 5-25 CTR 2 page (Center 2) 5-25 Cursor 3-11 Customs 3-48 D Database Cartridge 2-3, 2-7 Contents 2.
Rev 1 I-3 I -i (initial approach fix identifier suffix) 6-7 IAF (initial approach fix) 6-2 Selecting 6-4, 6-16 ICAO identifiers 2-3 Initialization 3-17 INT page (Intersection page) 3-50 Integrity moni.
Rev 1 I-4 R RAIM (receiver autonomous integrity monitoring) 6-3, 6- 14, 6-15, 6-18 Prediction 6-19, 6-20 Radar vectors 6-12, 6-17 Receiver status 5-29 REF page (Reference waypoint) 5-21 Reference wayp.
V VNAV (vertical navigation) 3-36, 5-7 Vectors 6-12, 6-17 VOR(s) page 3-49 user waypoint 5-18 nearest 3-22, 3-37 on map display 3-37 W Waypoint alerting 3-29, 4-8 Waypoint scanning window 3-37, 6-17 W.
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Un punto importante, dopo l’acquisto del dispositivo (o anche prima di acquisto) è quello di leggere il manuale. Dobbiamo farlo per diversi motivi semplici:
Se non hai ancora comprato il Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B è un buon momento per familiarizzare con i dati di base del prodotto. Prime consultare le pagine iniziali del manuale d’uso, che si trova al di sopra. Dovresti trovare lì i dati tecnici più importanti del Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B - in questo modo è possibile verificare se l’apparecchio soddisfa le tue esigenze. Esplorando le pagine segenti del manuali d’uso Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B imparerai tutte le caratteristiche del prodotto e le informazioni sul suo funzionamento. Le informazioni sul Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B ti aiuteranno sicuramente a prendere una decisione relativa all’acquisto.
In una situazione in cui hai già il Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B, ma non hai ancora letto il manuale d’uso, dovresti farlo per le ragioni sopra descritte. Saprai quindi se hai correttamente usato le funzioni disponibili, e se hai commesso errori che possono ridurre la durata di vita del Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B.
Tuttavia, uno dei ruoli più importanti per l’utente svolti dal manuale d’uso è quello di aiutare a risolvere i problemi con il Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B. Quasi sempre, ci troverai Troubleshooting, cioè i guasti più frequenti e malfunzionamenti del dispositivo Allied Air Enterprises KLN 90B insieme con le istruzioni su come risolverli. Anche se non si riesci a risolvere il problema, il manuale d’uso ti mostrerà il percorso di ulteriori procedimenti – il contatto con il centro servizio clienti o il servizio più vicino.
