Manuale d’uso / di manutenzione del prodotto 25420 del fabbricante Nikon
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Nikon D40 User's Guide © 2007 KenRockwell.com Nikon D40 with new 18-55mm l ens. Original files at http://www .kenrockwell.com/nikon/d40/users-guide/index.htm January 2007 Converted to PDF by Sándor Nagy nasa@delfin.unideb.hu © 2007 KenRockwell.
Ken Rockwell Post Office Box 8778 La Jolla, California 92038-8778 United States of America http://www .kenrockwell.com/ © 2007 Ken Rockwell All rights reserved.
CONTENTS page INTRODUCTION 6 BASICS 6 CAMERA SETTINGS 6 RESET 7 Quality 7 Exposure Compensation 7 Shutter Advance Mode 7 ISO 7 WHITE BALANCE 8 OPTIMIZE IMAGE 8 FOCUS (AF) Mode 9 METERING 9 LENS SETTIN.
Image Sharpening 22 T one Compensation (Contrast) 22 Color Mode 23 Saturation 23 Hue Adjustment 2 3 Image Quality 23 Image Size 24 White Balance 24 ISO Sensitivity 25 Noise Reduction 26 CUSTOM SETTING.
Monochrome 42 Filter Effects 42 Small Picture 43 Image Overlay 43 APPENDIX 43 A1 How to Set White Bala nce 44 A1/2 White Balance Examp les 50 A2 All About Exposure 55 A2/2 Correct Digital Ex posure an.
INTRODUCTION W ant free live phone support? In the USA, call (800) NIKO N-UX, 24 hours a day , 365 days a year . Looking for a specific control? Use my Search p age. Be sure to mention the D40 in your search. This lengthy article will teach you to be an expert on the Ni kon D4 0 's controls and menus.
Nikon has an ea sy reset feature. I u se it every time! My standard operating sett ing is only a few clicks different from the defaults. RESET Unlike my ot her Nikons, I don't use the gree n reset feature. I find it ea sier to press the I b utton and run down the items on the left and bottom of the screen.
maximum of 1,600 (o r any ISO you ch oose) as it gets d arker . Only if it gets still darker w ill it let the shutter speed go below 1/15 at ISO 1,6 00, exactly as I'd do manually .
Read more at Shooting Menu (page 21). FOCUS (AF) Mode I use the default of AF-A. This mode automatically selects be tween the t wo older modes, AF-C and AF-S. These are explained under Focus Modes (page 27). METERING I use Matrix, the default. Y ou set metering in Custom Setting 05 (page 29) or with the <i> Button (page 15).
focus with the included lens, move it to " M." If the switch says "M/A - M " then use M/A. These lenses ma y be focused manually a t any time in either position. As soon as you t ap the shutter button in M/A you return to autofocus.
EXPLICIT DET AILS These were the basics. Keep reading for expl icit details. CONTROLS T OP P ANEL CONTROLS Nikon D40 T op Panel Controls. Exposure Mode Selector Knob (shown above.) Spin it to select amo ng P , S, A and M exposure modes. I ignore t he gre en AUT O (as shown above) and the other convenience modes (f lower , lady in hat, etc.
Three easy ways to return to the stan dard program combination are to: 1.) flip to a different mode and back to P , or 2.) turn the D40 off and back on, or 3.) spin the rear dial back to its origin al position. The *P symbol goes away when you've returned to the standard combinations.
Firmware Defect: When turned ON, Auto ISO (page 30) remains active in Manual mo de. I always turn off AU T O ISO when I enter Manual Mode, otherwise Auto ISO ch anges the ISO and rui ns whatever you were hoping to accomplish with manual exposure mode.
Info and Green Dot button T ap this to wake up the D40 and show you what's going on with your settings on the LCD. T ap it again to turn off the LCD. T o change th e settings, tap the other < i > and Green Dot button (page 15)on the rearof the D40.
I thank my lucky stars with my Nikon, because on my idiotic C anon 5D I have to wait and press the Pl ay button just to zoom in on a shot I just made! No need for this with N ikon, so long as yo u have Image Review (page 30) set to ON.
defaults. I don't use this reset o ften, si nce I set enough things away from defaults. I would use it if I loaned my D40 to a friend and had it re turned later . AE-L AF-L / Key Button (T op Right Center) This can lock the focus and/or exposure or turn on the autofocus.
T rash Can Button This is the D40's flush lever . Press it while a photo is displayed to erase t hat photo . Y ou'll get an "are you sure?" screen, and press it again to dump that shot. Meatheads l ike me g et used to double pressing i t every time out of habit, which mea ns I accidentally erase some shots.
From the top down: +/- Lighting Bolt (Flash) Button 1.) Press once to pop up the built-in f lash. 2.) Hold it and the +/- (*) diaphragm bu tton (page 1 3) at t he same time and spin the rear dial to alter the brightness of the f lash. 0.0 is n ormal and I le ave it there almost all the time.
mode. Th e background exposes correctly , people may be blurred, and a burst of flash freezes them along with the blurry ghost images. Normal an d SLOW do the same thing in S and M exposure modes (page 1 1 ), si nce you or t he camera may select a ny shutter sp eed i n t hese mo des regardl ess of flash sync.
What it Does It sets a few playback options. What I Change I leave it alone. Delete This is helpful if you want to delete all images while saving those you locked with the Key / AE-L AF-L button (page 16). I don't use this. I do all my ed iting a nd selection in my computer and I do my in-camera deletions one-by-one with the trash can key .
This menu really should be called the Fi lm menu and shown with an icon of a roll of film. More camera settings, like autofocus, flash and ti mers, are set in the Custo m Settings Men u (page 26), shown by a pencil. This is Nikon's mistake; don't penalize yo urself if t he menu names and icons make little sense at face value.
BW Black-and-White Y ou might think I would use Vivid or More Vivid, e xcept tha t they crank up some of th e contrast and sharpness settings and leave them there. I want vivid colors, but leave the contrast and sharpness on Auto. This way as subjects get contrastier I don't have to stop and turn the co ntrast back down.
use it you have to buy Nikon Capture an d create a curve. Y ou then use N ikon capture to load it into the D40. Once you've done tha t you select it here. If you haven't loaded your own custom curve and select this you get the de fault Normal curve.
I usually use BASIC JPG and sometime s NORMAL JPG . BASIC JPG looks almost the same as NORMAL, unless you're making six foot wide prints. It also makes a f ile hal f the size of Normal, which speeds up everything and saves sp ace on my hard drives and backup CDs.
reason to use this is if you use a different trim value for your strobes than you do f or sunlight. Cloudy (cloud): W armer (more orange) than the sunlig ht position. I use this in shade, too. Shade (house casting a shadow): very warm (orange). Use this for sunse t shots and deep shade.
Higher ISOs can give sharpe r images in dimmer light b ecause they let t he D40 shoot at faster shutter speeds or smaller apertures, but they al so can add more grain (noise) to your photos. ISO 200 gives the cleanest images, but the most potential for blur in dim light.
that Nikon used the Camera icon for the shooting menu (page20), which really should be cal led the F ilm menu. Camera settings, like f ocus, fla sh and timers, are set here in the Cu stom Settings Menu, shown by a pencil. This is Nikon's mistake; don't penalize yourself if it makes little sense.
03 AF-Area Mode This selects how the D40 uses its three AF sensors. Y ou'll want t o change this for action, still subjects or han ding your camera to a non-photographer . I wish my D40 h ad a dedicated switch as my D200 does. On the D40 w e need to go into this menu every time our subject matter changes.
T rick Self Portrait. My ML -L3 is in my other hand out of the picture. Hint: Be su re to sel ect a long eno ugh Remote ON T ime time in Custom Function 17 (page 34). The D40 ignores the remote after th e length of time set in Custom Function 17 (page 34).
Closest Subject AF (page 28), it reads from the center one. I never use this. 06 No Memory Card? I leave mine at LOCK. If I have n o memory card it won't let me take pictures. Don't set it to OK. I f you d o, yo u could have no memory card and be shooting a ll da y , thinking you're ma king pictures when you really aren't.
component of Modern Exposure T echnique . T oday I adjust the Auto I SO's minimum shutter speed a s I change lenses and conditions. I no longer adjust ISO directly , as w e did in the old days before 2004. This is a time-saving step towards the future, just as program exp osure was a step ahead of aperture priority in the 1970s.
ISO : Press and h old the Fn button (page 19) whi le turning the rear dial, slowly . Y o u'll cycle through all the I SO Settings. (page 25) . An added nicety lacking on more expensive Nikons is that you have full ability to go to and from I SO 3,200 (HI 1) witho ut needing to turn off Auto I SO (page 30).
TTL (default) lets the flash work normally and give great exposures all by itself. M (manual) lets you force t he flash to one brightness value. It a djusts in full stops from full power down to seven stops below , show n as 1/128 power .
For those of you counting Custom Settings as if more were better , please note that the D40 intelligently has t his one Custom Setting controlling what takes two custom settings in the D80 ( Custom Setting 27 and Custom Sett ing 28 ), a nd adds a third setting, Image Review T ime-Out, not availa ble in the D80 at any price.
CSM/Setup Menu This al lows me to set what I need once, like languages, and then t urn off those items in the menus. It's wonderful to be able to clarify the menus down only to what I use daily . If I ever want to reset an ything o bscure, like reset the menus to Korean when I loan my D40 to a pal, I simply choose FULL menus again.
Here are how these look. They each show the same things and have the same functions. Classic : I use this option because it makes everything the biggest and easiest to see. The menus in Classic mode are as they are in my ot her Nikons: white on dark blue.
W allpaper : This is the cutest, although I don't use it. It's like Graphic above, with smaller numbers, and sets everything on top of a photo of your choice, presuming you've sh ot the photo on your D40. I selected a photo of my mother-in-law , and it remai ns in the D40 regardless of formatting or removing memory cards.
Firmware Defect: Y o u set the time under the DA TE option. LCD Brightness This changes th e midtones on the LCD. It changes b acklight intensity only by 10%. It is mostly a gamma (midtone contrast) control. For the adjustment to take effect you must remember to hit OK after making a sel ection.
checkmark shows. Now go to and select DONE. If you forget t o check Att ach it won't attach, and if you forget to hit DONE it will also forget everything you just did. Sorry , I don't write the firmware. It's great having everything you shoot have your contact info embedded.
Set it to ON , which should be the default but isn't. Mirror Lock-up Mirror Lock-up isn't. It's not a l ock up for telephoto lenses on tripods. This settin g is used to lock up the mi rror to clean the CCD . I never use this, since I find it e asier to set the camera to Bu lb and hold open the shutter .
RET OUCH MENU ( brush icon) How to Get Here Select the Retou ch Menu by p ressing MENU , moving to the le ft and then up o r down to select t he brush icon at the bottom. Y ou'll then see RETOUCH MENU on the top of the color LCD. T rick: Press the OK but ton when an image is displayed to get to most of the retouch men u.
Red-Eye Correction This creates new versi ons o f images attemp ting to rectify flash-induced red eyes. This filter is sneaky enough to know if you used flash or no t to make the image, an d won't let you use this filter if you didn't use flash.
- magenta slides the red and blue equally left or right. The green stays put. Small Picture This creates a much smaller version of a n image. Y ou've got your choice of 64 0x480, 320x240 and 160x120 pixels. Image Overlay This is silly . It creates a new image by adding two others together in the z-axis (intensity).
A1 How to Set White Balan ce Auto White B alance. Photo ma de indoors whil e cloudy outside. W ay too blue and ugly! 99% of people make this shot and never think anything more about it. Cloudy White Balance. Wow ! Warm, go lden, and j ust like it's supposed to look.
5D ($3,300) and 16-35mm L ($1,700) and got the same resul ts. Y ou need to ad just the White Balance at times wi th every camera. I've also found point-and-shoots to be better than the more expen.
comparison and candle light looks al most red. Likewise, blue sky without the sun is very blue although when you're in the shade everything looks OK to you and I. If you make a photo in the shade the picture comes out way too blu e or cool looking.
APPLICA TION Basics Dif ferent settings cha nge the amount of orange or blue color cast, usually to compensate for any cast in the lighting. If you have n o blue or orange cast you get neutral whites, which is wh at you usually get if you use the settings suggested by the instruction book.
backlight, ag ain since the subject is lit mo re by the blue sky instead of the direct sunlight. TIP : Some cameras skip this critical setting. If so, manually set the CUSTOM preset while in shade (also called one -push, Manual and white card and other t hings depending on manufacturer) and use this setting in place of the missing sh ade setting.
Fine T uning (+3 t o -3): Color i s critical. The basic sett ings above get you close, but probably not exactly what you want. These fine adjustments allow you to ge t the e xact amount of coolness or warmth.
kinds of lights and even gel set windows to make outdoors match tungsten. (The funny pa rt is H ollywood is st ill base d on gelling everything to tungsten, since that's the film we shoot, but almost no lighting is tungsten anymore.
Here Auto WB does a perfect job, as do es the Direct Sunlight setting. We expect this. Y ou can use the ot her settings for a cool blue or deep orange effect, or to trim blue an d amber any way you prefer . Shade (a white car in an open g arage) © 2007 KenRockwell.
Auto again does a great job, otherwise this would t urn out too blue. This is from a D200 , which does much better than my D70 and other cameras at compensating correctly for shade. Most other cameras leave this too blue. No problem, on other cameras set Shade manually .
This looks a little w arm in AUT O. The tungsten setting looks b etter . The 2,500 K setting i s also good, if not a little too blue. Most Auto WB settings b alance corre ctly for tungsten if you h ave a bright tungsten light source in the image, or a lot o f illumination.
Home lighting, especially lower wat tage bulbs, are much warmer looking tha n 3,200 K studio lights. These 40W bulbs look right at about 2,500 K! Auto WB never ca n balance this low - it stays orange. Of course the orange effect may be desired. If so, use it.
A2 All Abou t Exposure See also Digital Exposure (page 57), The Nikon Matri x Meter (pa ge 60) and Perfect Exposure with Large Format Cameras . INTRODUCTION Exposure is the easiest thing to master , ye t causes the most confusion. Exposure is simple. Just add or subtract until it looks rig ht.
With experience you'll re cognize the few kinds of scenes which re quire compensation and you'll b e smart enough to adjust the compensation before making the first shot. Thankfully many cameras today , especially the matrix meters on Nikons, are usually correct more and more of ten.
used. See my page on how to use a digital came ra as a light meter (page 87). T oday I only use my handheld meters for their ca lculator dials to convert t he readings from the digital camera's ISO to the reading I nee d for my film's ISO. I use the hand-held meters reading only as a sanity check.
making exposure. Latitude is broad if your subject has little contrast an d if you will edit the image before use. Latitude is the a mount by which y our camera's dynamic r ange exceeds the range of the subject, if and only if you have the opportunity to edit the i mage before final use.
End Use If yo u're usi ng a digita l file for direct printing or a transparency for projection or this is easy . Just make it look right. If the subject contrast was too great there is no correct exposure. Y ou could lose your highlights and your shadows at t he same time! At best you might retain e ither o ne, but the photo is still awful.
out of the mud in Photoshop. If you're shooting i n crappy li ght and in tend to p rint directly f rom the files with out editing, use the e xposure compensation control to dial in as many stops as needed. I've h ad to use several stops of + (lighten) compensation in these instan ces.
knows how to make white snow or sand look white, instead of a co nventional light me ter's making everything look medium 18% gray . It applies the zone system automatically to attempt to render a correct exposure und er difficult and contrasty situati ons.
The color Matrix me ter of the F5 ought to be extraordinary . This is why Canon contract photographer Arthur Mo rris has said that the world's best ca mera is the Nikon F5. I ha ve not t ried it, because if I did I'm sure I wind up having to haul a n F5 all o ver the p lace.
T o guess yo ur subject type and determine what really is white i n sunlig ht the Matrix needs to know the absolute level of light outside the camera. Remember that the light inside the camera will di f fer from the light level outside the camera dependin g on the speed (f/stop) of your lens.
T o get Matrix with the manual focus lenses on an F A or F4 you need a TC that has ye t another feeler added to it to cou ple th e absolute a perture informati on mech anically . The TC-201 has this coupling. The TC-200 does not. T he manual focus TCs do not give either autofocus or Matrix metering when used on AF cameras.
TIPS When to use Matrix The easiest thing to do is to trust the Matrix meter for everything; it will be co rrect more often than most people's ability to override a conventi onal meter .
What about using AE lock in Matrix? It works just fine. I do it, although rarely . The Matrix me ter works by first guessing what you are photographing (the hard part) and then setting the exposure accordingly (the easy part).
Y ou may want to make a manual Matrix readin g without the filter , AE lock that reading and then add that f ilter factor as a compensation val ue after adding the filter . Actually , if you are going to go to this much troubl e you may as well just use a Pentax spot meter and a view camera, but this does illustrate potential problems.
200 f/2.8 lens no t only works flawlessly on the F A camera, it also has the lug to put t he F A into the high-speed program mode for telephoto lenses. Next Page> Look here for more info on night exposures See factory matrix documentation here A2/4 How to Use the Nikon Spot Meter see also The Zone System ( page 69 ) and Metering (page 77).
The best way t o learn the zone system is to read this Ansel Adams book. That's how I learned. Before going any further you need to know the zone system. Go lear n it either by Ansel's book or my page here , then we'll get to the nex t section.
System was still relevant in that then-modern world. He replied "If you don't use the Zone System, then what system will you use to know what you've got as you photograph?" There are many w ays to evaluate what yo u'll get in your f inal pri nt or di splay as you photograph.
The Zone System is very important to understand, especially for color slides. T oday the Zone System is t he careful and anal ytical sett ing of exposure. Almost no one does special development for each negative an y more. I learned it all from Ansel Adams' book "The Negat ive.
end. The analog model is more precise and e asier to read and interpret, however it is bi gger and more delicate. The Pe ntax meters are superior to t he complex, confusing and more expensive Gossen and Sekonic mode ls.
middle t one, which is why spot meters usually cannot be used without kno wing the zone system. Sometimes green grass falls here. +1 Stop (Zone VI): Medium light parts of a n image. Skin and granite rocks g o here. For most landscape photos yo u'll se t your light rocks here, and the shadows at -2 stops.
This is where many amateu rs get l ost: exposure cannot correct for b ad light. OK, nothing can fix bad light. Y o u have to wait for it. Photography takes patience. Y ou can try a graduated Neutral D ensity filter which often helps bring down an overly bright sky or too dark foreground.
A2/6 What are L V and EV Introduction LV, Light Value and EV, Exposure Value, are term s used to allow easy dis cussion of exposure and light without the confusion of t he many equivalent combinations shutter speeds and apertures. LV refers to how bright the subject is.
needing the m eter after a while. This is because the same num ber pops up for each subject each time. LVs eliminate the confus ing issues o f film speeds and f/stops t hat hide these simple truths wh.
If you shoot sl ower film you of course have to use more exposure (EV) for the same Light Value (LV), and vice-versa. The EV is easy to calculate even if you fo rgot your meter, since each unit is one stop different than the next.
A2/7 Exposure Meters see also The Zone System (page 69) Using the Nikon Spot Meter (page 68) EV & L V (page 74) INTRODUCTION AND BUIL T -IN METERS How to use a digital camera as an excellent lig ht meter (page 87) HINT : As of 2006 t he best meter for any film camera is a calibrated digital ca mera.
the larger , h eavier , more d elicate, more precise and less exp ensive Pentax Spotmeter V which u ses an analog needle o n a scale. They have the sa me accuracy , which is pretty much pe rfect. I have two analog and one digita l spot meter and they all agree with each other .
Histograms are a way to measure exposure more objectively for those who can't see very well. Histograms don't replace your eyes and experience. Hi stograms are helpful in sunlight where it's hard to see an LCD, or in the shop if setting something exactly .
misleading. I use a single histogram as a simplified e xample. DO N'T use a histogram to set exposure unless you have a color (RGB) histogram! SETTING EXPOSURE W arning: I show a single histogram to simplify .
© 2007 KenRockwell.com 82 converted by Sándor Na gy.
Reduce e xposure if you se e clippin g. Try to get the histogram as close to the right side as possible without touching it. If your scene looks too dark when you do this there is no corre ct exposure: the scene's dynamic range (l ighting ratio) is too g reat.
covers the specifics of color histograms. Color histograms are three separate hi stograms, one each for the R, G and B channels. They help determine correct exposure in an instant. Single histograms, popular in many ca meras, are misleading and worse than useless for color photography .
Histograms in the le ft column: Ni kons' single histogram o nly looks at the green channel. The green chan nel looks fine he re. (Actually I need a better example because the green channel is a tiny bit overexposed as well.) The red channel, ignored by earlier Nikons and other digital cameras, is completely obliterated with ove rexposure.
Histograms in the right column: I n this example all colors, especially red , are correctly exposed. This wood isn't that red. This problem is worse with more satura ted colors. Nikons have had a dirty little secret for years. Al l the earlier digital SLR s, which means the D1X, D 50, D100, D70s, etc.
A2/10 H ow to Use a Digital Camera as an External Light Meter see also Light Meters (page 77) The Zone System (page 69) Using the Nikon Spot Meter (page 68) EV & L V (page 75) Why buy a separate m.
4a.) Se t the digicam's effective ISO on t he Pentax meter . Y ou figured out the effective ISO from tests in 1.) above, which may or may not be t he ISO indicated on the digicam. 4b.) Set the i ndicated exposure from the di gicam on the Pent ax scale.
through the 1980s and have called it ISO since then. Use the lowest ISO that gives you the a pertures and sh utter spe eds yo u need. Pump up the ISO up to get sma ller apertures and faster shutter speeds. Un like film, digital interchangeable-lens SLRs usually look great even at ISO 1,600.
Un punto importante, dopo l’acquisto del dispositivo (o anche prima di acquisto) è quello di leggere il manuale. Dobbiamo farlo per diversi motivi semplici:
Se non hai ancora comprato il Nikon 25420 è un buon momento per familiarizzare con i dati di base del prodotto. Prime consultare le pagine iniziali del manuale d’uso, che si trova al di sopra. Dovresti trovare lì i dati tecnici più importanti del Nikon 25420 - in questo modo è possibile verificare se l’apparecchio soddisfa le tue esigenze. Esplorando le pagine segenti del manuali d’uso Nikon 25420 imparerai tutte le caratteristiche del prodotto e le informazioni sul suo funzionamento. Le informazioni sul Nikon 25420 ti aiuteranno sicuramente a prendere una decisione relativa all’acquisto.
In una situazione in cui hai già il Nikon 25420, ma non hai ancora letto il manuale d’uso, dovresti farlo per le ragioni sopra descritte. Saprai quindi se hai correttamente usato le funzioni disponibili, e se hai commesso errori che possono ridurre la durata di vita del Nikon 25420.
Tuttavia, uno dei ruoli più importanti per l’utente svolti dal manuale d’uso è quello di aiutare a risolvere i problemi con il Nikon 25420. Quasi sempre, ci troverai Troubleshooting, cioè i guasti più frequenti e malfunzionamenti del dispositivo Nikon 25420 insieme con le istruzioni su come risolverli. Anche se non si riesci a risolvere il problema, il manuale d’uso ti mostrerà il percorso di ulteriori procedimenti – il contatto con il centro servizio clienti o il servizio più vicino.
