Manuale d’uso / di manutenzione del prodotto Version 6.6 del fabbricante 3D Connexion
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K eyw or ds R eference Manual K eyw or ds R eference Manual V olume II: I–Z V er sion 6.6.
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AB A QUS K eywor ds Reference Manual Vo l u m e I I V ersion 6.6 ABAQUS V ersi on 6.1 Module: ID: Printed on:.
T rademarks and Legal Notices CAUTIONARY NOTICE TO USERS: This manua l is intende d for qualified use rs who will exerc ise sound engi neering judgm ent and e xpertise in the use of the ABAQ US Software.
ABA QUS Offices and Representatives ABAQUS, Inc. Rising Sun Mi lls, 166 V a lley Street , Providence, R I 02909–2499, T el: +1 401 276 4400 , Fax: +1 401 276 4408, sup port@Abaqus.co m, http://ww w .abaqus.com ABAQUS Europ e BV Gaetano Ma rtinolaan 95 , P .
Preface This section lists vario us resources that ar e available for help wi th using ABAQUS. Support ABAQUS, Inc., off ers both technical en gineering suppo rt (for problems with creatin g a m odel .
CONTENTS Contents — V olume I A * ACOUSTIC FLOW VELOCITY 1.1 * ACOUSTIC MEDIUM 1.2 * ACOUST IC W A VE FO RMULA TION 1.3 * ADAPTIVE MESH 1.4 * ADAPTIVE MESH CONSTRAINT 1.5 * ADAPTIVE MESH CONTROLS 1.6 * AMPLITUDE 1.7 * ANNEAL 1.8 * ANNEAL TEMPERA TURE 1.
CONTENTS C * C ADDED MASS 3.1 * CAP ACITY 3.2 * CAP CREEP 3.3 * CAP HARDENING 3.4 * CAP PLASTICITY 3.5 * CAST IRON COMPRESSION HARDENING 3.6 * CAST IRON PLASTICITY 3.7 * CAST IRON TENSION HARDENING 3.8 * CA VITY DEFINITION 3.9 * CECHARGE 3.10 * CECURRENT 3.
CONTENTS * CONNEC TOR LOA D 3.4 1 * CONNEC TOR LOC K 3.42 * CONNEC TOR MOT ION 3.43 * CONNECTOR PLASTICITY 3.44 * CONNEC TOR P OTENTI AL 3.4 5 * CONN ECTOR SEC TION 3.46 * CO N NE CTO R S TOP 3. 47 * CONST RAINT CONTR OLS 3.4 8 * CONT ACT 3.49 * CONT ACT CLEARAN CE 3.
CONTENTS D * D ADDED MASS 4.1 * DAMAGE EVOLUTION 4.2 * DAMA GE INIT IA TIO N 4.3 * DAMAGE ST ABILIZA TION 4.4 * DAMPING 4.5 * DASH POT 4.6 * DEBOND 4.7 * DECHARGE 4.8 * DECURRENT 4.9 * DEFORMA TION PLASTICITY 4.10 * DENSITY 4.1 1 * DEPV AR 4.12 * DESI GN GRADIE NT 4.
CONTENTS E * EL FILE 5.1 * EL PRINT 5.2 * ELASTIC 5.3 * ELCOPY 5.4 * ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 5.5 * ELEMENT 5.6 * ELEMENT MA TRIX OUTPUT 5.7 * ELEMENT OUTPUT 5.8 * ELEMENT PROPER TIES 5.9 * ELEME NT RESPON SE 5.1 0 * ELGEN 5.1 1 * ELSET 5.12 * EMBEDDED ELEMENT 5.
CONTENTS * FILE OUTPUT 6.8 * FILM 6.9 * FILM PROPER TY 6.10 * FIL TER 6.11 * FIXED MASS SCALING 6.12 * FLOW 6.13 * FLUID BEHA VIOR 6.14 * FLUID BULK MODULUS 6.15 * FLUID CA VI TY 6.16 * FLUID DENSITY 6.17 * FLUID EXCHANGE 6 .18 * FLUID EXCHANGE ACTIV A TION 6.
CONTENTS H * HEADING 8.1 * HEA T GENERA TION 8.2 * HEA T TRANSFER 8.3 * HEA TCAP 8.4 * HOURGLASS STIFFNESS 8.5 * HYPERELASTIC 8.6 * HYPERFOAM 8.7 * HYPOELASTIC 8.
CONTENTS Contents — V olume II I * IMPEDANCE 9.1 * IMPEDANCE PROPER TY 9.2 * IMPERFECTION 9.3 * IMPOR T 9.4 * IMPOR T CO NTRO LS 9.5 * IMPOR T ELSET 9.6 * IMPOR T NSE T 9.7 * INCIDENT W A VE 9. 8 * INCIDENT W A VE FLUID PROPER TY 9.9 * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTION 9.
CONTENTS L * LA TENT HEA T 12.1 * LOAD CASE 12.2 M * MAP SOLUTION 13.1 * MASS 13.2 * MASS DIFFUSION 13.3 * MASS FLOW RA TE 13.4 * MA TERIAL 13.5 * MA TRIX 13.6 * MA TRIX ASSEMBLE 13.7 * MA TRIX INPUT 13.8 * MEMBRANE SECTION 13.9 * MODA L DAMPI NG 13.10 * MODAL DYNAMIC 13.
CONTENTS * NODE FILE 14.9 * NODE OUTPUT 14.10 * NODE PRINT 14.1 1 * NODE RESPONSE 14 .12 * NONSTRUCTURAL MASS 14.13 * NORMAL 14.14 * NSET 14.15 O * ORIENT A TION 15.1 * ORNL 15.2 * OUTPUT 15.3 P, Q * P A RAMETER 16.1 * P A RAMETER DEPENDENCE 16.2 * P A RAMETER SHAPE V AR IA TION 16.
CONTENTS * PRINT 16.28 * PSD-DE FINITI ON 16.29 R * RADIA TE 17.1 * RADIA TION FILE 17.2 * RADIA TION OUTP UT 17. 3 * RADIA TION PRINT 17.4 * RADIA TION SYMMETR Y 17.5 * RADIA TION VIEWF ACTOR 17.6 * RANDOM RESPONSE 17.7 * RA TE DEPENDENT 17. 8 * RA TIOS 17.
CONTENTS * SIMPED ANCE 18. 17 * SIMPLE SHEAR TEST DA T A 18.18 * SLIDE LINE 18.19 * SLOAD 18.20 * SOILS 18.21 * SOLID SECTION 18.22 * SOLUBILITY 18.23 * SOLUTION TECHNIQUE 18.24 * SOL VER C ONTRO LS 18.25 * SORPTION 18.26 * SPECIFIC HEA T 18 .27 * SPECTRUM 18.
CONTENTS T * TEMPERA TURE 19.1 * TENSILE F AILURE 19.2 * TENSION STIFFENING 19.3 * THERMAL EXP ANSION 19.4 * TIE 19.5 * TIME POINTS 19.6 * TOR Q UE 19.7 * TORQUE PRINT 19.8 * TRACER P AR TICLE 19.9 * TRANSFORM 19.10 * TRANSPOR T VELOCITY 19.1 1 * TRANSVERSE SHEAR STIFFNESS 19.
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I 9. I ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* IMPED ANCE 9.1 * IMPED ANCE: Define impedances fo r acoustic analysis. This option is use d to provide bounda ry im pedance s or nonrefle cting boundar ies for acous tic and couple d acoustic-str uctural analyses.
* IMPEDANCE Optional parameter: OP Set OP= MOD (de fault) to m odify e xisting im pedanc es or to define a dditional im pedan ces. Set OP=NEW if all existing impedances appli ed to the m odel shoul d be rem oved. T o rem ove only selected impedances, use OP=NEW an d respecify all impedances that ar e to be retained.
* IMPED ANCE 8. X -com ponent of the direct ion cosine o f the m ajor axis o f the ellips e or prolate spheroid d efining the radiatin g surface. The components of this v ector need not be normalized to unit magnitud e. 9. Y -component of the dir ection cosine of the major axis of the ellipse or p rolate spheroid defini ng the radiatin g surface.
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* IMPED ANCE PROPER TY 9.2 * IMPED ANCE PR OPERTY : Define the impedance parameter s for an acoustic medi um boundary . This option i s used to define the proportio nality factors between the pressu re and the normal com ponents of surface displ acem ent and velo city in acoustic analysis.
* IMPEDANCE PROPERTY Data lines to defi ne an impedance using D A T A=ADMITT ANCE (default): First line: 1. , the proporti onality factor b etween pressure and disp lacem ent of th e surface in the normal direction.
* IMPERF ECTION 9.3 * IMPERFECTION: Introduce geometric imper fections for po stbuckl ing analysis. This option i s used t o introduce a ge ome tric im perfe ction into a mode l for a pos tbuckling an alysis.
* IMPERFECTION NSET Set this parameter equal to the no de set to which the geometric i m perfection v alues are to be applied . If this param ete r is omitt ed, the im perfec tion will be applie d to all nodes in the m odel.
* IMPERF ECTION (X,Y,Z) Rectangular Cartesian (SYSTEM=R) (default) R θ Cylindrical (SYSTEM=C) ( θ and φ are given in degrees) (R, θ, φ ) θ φ Spherical (SYSTEM=S) Z Y X Y Y ZZ X X (R, θ ,Z ) Figure 9.3–1 Coordinate systems. 9.3–3 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
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* IMPORT 9.4 * IMPOR T : Impor t inf ormation fr om a previous AB A QUS/Expli cit or ABA Q US/Standard anal ysis. If this is an ABA QUS/E xplicit analy sis, t his option is use d to define the tim e in a previous A BAQU S/Standa rd analysis at which th e specified node and element infor m ation is imported.
* IMPORT the analysis is to be imported. If this parameter is omitted, the analysis is imported fr om the last available int erval of the speci fied step. ITERA TION This parameter is relevant onl y when the results are imported from a previous d irect cyclic ABAQUS/Standard analysis.
* IMPOR T CONTROLS 9.5 * IMPOR T CONTROLS: Specify tolerances used in importing model and results data. This optio n is used to specify the t olerance for error ch ecking on shell no rm als in ABAQUS/Standar d or ABAQUS/Explicit when the * IMPOR T , UPD A TE= YES optio n is used.
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* IMPORT ELSET 9.6 * IMPORT ELSET: Impor t elemen t set defin itions from a previou s ABA QUS/Explic it or ABA Q US/Standard anal ysis. This option is us ed to im port elem ent se t definitions that we re defined in a previou s ABAQ US/Expli cit or ABAQUS/Standard analysi s.
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* IMPORT NSET 9.7 * IMPORT NSET : Impor t node set de finitions from a previous ABA QUS /Explicit or ABA Q US/Standard anal ysis. This option is use d to impo rt node set defin itions that we re defined in a pr evious AB AQUS /Explicit or ABAQUS/Standard analysis.
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* INCI DENT W A VE 9.8 * INCIDENT W A VE: Define incident wave loading f or a blast or scattering load on a boundary . The prefe rred interfa ce for apply ing incident w ave loading is th e * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTION option used in conjunc tion with the * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTION PROPER TY option.
* INCIDENT W A VE PRESSURE AMPLITUDE Set this parameter equal to the nam e of the amplitude curv e defining the fluid p ressure time history at the stand off poi nt (“Am plitu de curves,” Section 27.1. 2 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual).
* INCIDENT W A VE FLUID PROPER TY 9.9 * INCIDENT W A VE FLUI D PROPERTY : Define the fluid properties associated with an incident wave. The preferred int erface for defining the fluid pr operties for an incident wav e is the * INCIDENT W A VE INTERA CTIO N PROPE R TY option used in c onjunction w ith the * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTION option.
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* INCI DENT W A VE INT ERA CTION 9.10 * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTI ON: Define incident wave loading f or a blast or scattering load on a surface. This option i s used to a pply incide nt wave loading . The * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTION PROPER TY option m ust be used in conjunc tion with the * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTION option.
* INCIDENT W A VE INTERA CTION PRESSURE AMPLITUDE Set this parameter equal to the nam e of the amplitude curv e defining the fluid p ressure time history at the stand off poi nt (“Am plitu de curves,” Section 27.1. 2 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual).
* INCIDENT W A VE INTERA CTION PROPER TY 9.11 * INCIDEN T W A VE INTER A CTIO N PROPERTY : De fine the g eome tric data a nd fluid properties describing an in cident wave. This optio n defines the geometric data and fl uid properti es used to define incid ent waves.
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* INCIDENT W A VE PROPER TY 9.12 * INCIDENT W A VE PROPERT Y : Define the geometric data describing an incident wav e . The preferred interface for defining the g eometric data for an incid ent wave is the * INCIDENT W A VE INTERA CTIO N PROPE R TY option used in c onjunction w ith the * INCIDENT W A VE INTERACTION option.
* INCIDENT W A VE PROPER TY 4. X -com ponent of , the ve locity of the in cident wa ve standoff point. 5. Y -component of , the ve locity of the in cident wa ve standoff point. 6. Z -com ponent of , the v elocity of the inc ident wa ve standoff point.
* INCIDENT W A VE REFLECTION 9.13 * INCIDENT W A VE REFLECTI ON: Define the reflection load on a surface caused b y incident wave fiel ds. This optio n is used to define reflected i ncident wave fields.
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* INCLUDE 9.14 * INCLUDE: Reference an e xternal file containin g ABA QUS input d ata. This option i s used to reference an external file contai ning a portion of the ABAQUS input fil e.
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* INCREMENT A TION OUTPUT 9.15 * INCREMENT A TION OUTPUT : De fine output database req uests for time incrementation data. This optio n is used to write incrementation v ariables to the outpu t database. It m ust be used in con junction with the * OUTPUT , HISTOR Y option.
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* INELAST IC HEA T F RACTION 9.16 * INELASTIC HEA T FRA CTION: Define the fraction of the rate of in elastic dissipation that appears as a heat sour ce. This option i s used to provide for inelasti c energy dissip ation to act as a heat source in adiabatic thermo-mechanical problems.
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* INERTIA RELIEF 9.17 * INER TIA RELIEF: Apply inertia-based load balanci ng. This option i s used to apply inertia-b ased loads on a free or partially const rained body . Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Inertia rel ief,” Section 1 1.
* INER TIA RELIEF There are no data li nes when the FIXED or REMO VE parameters are specified. 9.17–2 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS 9.18 * INITIAL CON DITION S: Spe cify initial co nditions for the mode l. This option is used to pres cribe initia l conditions for an ana lysis. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit ABAQUS/Aqu a Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Initial con ditions,” Secti on 27.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS Set TYPE =PORE PRESSUR E to give initia l pore fluid pre ssures f or a coupled p ore fluid diff usion/stress anal ysis in ABAQUS/Standard. Set TYPE= PORO SITY to give initial por osity value s for mate rials define d with the * EOS COMP A CTION o ption in AB AQUS /Explicit.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS Set TYPE=TEMPERA TURE to give initi al temperatures. The STEP and INC parameters can be used in c onjunction w ith the FILE pa ram eter to de fine initial te mpe ratures f rom th e results or output dat abase file of a previou s ABAQUS/Standard heat tran sfer analysis.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS INPUT Set this parameter equal to the n am e of the alternat e input file containi ng the data lines for thi s option. See “Input synt ax rules,” Section 1.2.1 o f the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual, for the syntax of suc h file name s.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS SECTION POINTS This parameter is used only with TYPE=PLAST IC STRAIN, TYPE=STRESS, and TYPE=HARDENING to specify plastic strains, stresses, and hardening variabl es at individual section poin ts through the t hickness of a shell el em ent.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS 7. X -coordina te of the secon d referenc e point. 8. Y -coordinat e of the second referen ce point. 9. Z -coordinat e of the second re ferenc e point. Data lines f or TYPE=CONCENTRA TION: First line: 1. Node set or node nu m ber .
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS to read f or any nod e is base d on the m axim um num ber of fiel d variable value s for all the node s in the model. These trailing ini tial values will be zero and will not b e used in the analysis. Repeat this set of data li nes as often as necessary to define initial temper atures at various nodes or node sets.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS Data lines for TYPE=HARDENING, REB AR: First line: 1. Element number or elem ent set label. 2. Re bar nam e. If this field is left blank , the initial c onditions wi ll be applied to a ll rebars in th e mod el. 3. Initi al equival ent plastic strain, .
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS 2. Initial mass flow rate per unit area in the x -dire ction or total initia l mas s flow rate in th e cross- section for one- dimensional elements. 3. Initial mass flow rate p er unit area i n the y -directi on (not needed for no des associated with one-dim ensiona l convecti ve flow elem ents ).
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS 5. V alue of third plas tic strain co mpone nt, . Give the in itial plasti c strain com pone nts as define d for this elem ent ty pe in Part V I, “Ele me nts,” of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS No data lines are r equired for TY PE=PRESSURE STRESS, FI LE= file , STEP= step , INC= inc . Data lines f or TYPE=RA TIO if the USER parameter is omitted: First line: 1. Node set or node nu m ber . 2. First value of vo id ratio.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS Data lines f or TYPE=RELA TIVE DENSITY : First line: 1. Node set or node nu m ber . 2. Initi al relative densi ty . Repeat this data line as oft en as necessar y to define initial relativ e density at v arious nodes or node sets.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS Subsequent lines (onl y needed if more than se ven solution-dependent state v ariables e xist in the model ): 1. V alue of eighth solution -depende nt state variabl e. 2. Etc., up to eight sol ution-dependen t state variables per l ine.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS 2. Initial specific ener gy . Repeat this data l ine as often as necessary to define initial specific energy i n various elements or el ement sets. Data lines f or TYPE=SPUD EMBEDMENT : First line: 1. Element set or element number .
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS 3. V ertical co ordinate cor responding to the a bove value. 4. Second value of verti cal component of (effecti ve) stress. 5. V ertical co ordinate cor responding to the a bove value. 6. First coef ficient of lateral stress. This coef ficient defines the x -direction st ress com ponent s.
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS No data lines are required f or TYPE=STRESS , USER. Data line s for TYPE=TEMP ERA TUR E: First line: 1. Node set or node nu m ber .
* INITIAL CO NDITIO NS Data line s for TYPE=VELO CITY : First line: 1. Node set or node nu m ber . 2. Degree of freedom. 3. V alue of in itial veloc ity . Repeat this data line as oft en as necessar y to define the initial v elocity at v arious nodes or node sets.
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* INST ANCE 9.19 * INST ANCE: Begin an instance definit ion. This option is us ed to instanc e a part wi thin an asse mbly . It m ust be used i n conjunction w ith the * ASSEMBL Y and * END INST ANCE option s.
* INST ANCE Data line to tran slate an instance that is not imported from a pre vious analysi s: First (and only) line: 1. V alue of the t ranslatio n to be applie d in the X -dire ction. 2. V alue of the t ranslatio n to be applie d in the Y -dire ction.
* INST ANCE θ a b θ Figure 9.19–1 Rotation of an instance. 9.19–3 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* INTEGRA TED OUTPUT 9.20 * INTEGRA TED OUTPUT: Specify variab les integrated o ver a surface to be wri tten to the output database. This option i s used to write integrated quan tities over a surface, such as the total force tr ansm itted across a surface, to the o utput database.
* INTEGRA TED OUTPUT Data lines to request integrated output: First line: 1. Spe cify the identif ying keys for the outpu t variables to be writt en to the output database . The keys are defi ned in “AB AQUS /Explicit out put variable identifie rs,” Se ction 4.
* INTEGRA TED OUTPUT SECTION 9.21 * INTEGRA TED OUTPUT SECTION: Define an integrated output section o ver a surface with a local coor dinate system and a ref erence point. This opti on is used to associate a surface with a coordi nate system and/or a refer ence node to track the average motion of the surface.
* INTEGRA TED OUTPUT SECTION Set POSITION=CENTER if th e reference node is to be r elocated from the user-defined l ocation to the center of t he surface in the ini tial configuratio n.
* INTERACTION OU TPUT 9.22 * INTERACTION OUT PUT : Specify s pot weld int eractio n variables to be writte n to the output database. This option is us ed to write s pot weld inte raction va riables to the ou tput databa se. It m ust be us ed in conjunction w ith the * O UTPUT , HISTOR Y option .
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* INTERACTION PR INT 9.23 * INTERA CTION PRINT : Define print requests f or spot weld interaction v ariables. This option is u sed to provide tabula r printed outp ut of spot weld in teraction v ariables . Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Output to the dat a and results files,” Section 4.
* INTERA CTION PRINT Data lines to request spot weld i nteraction vari able output to the data file: First line: 1. Give the identifyin g keys for the variables to b e written to the data file. The keys are defined in “ABAQUS/Standard out put variable identi fiers,” Section 4.
* INTERF A CE 9.24 * INTERF A CE: Define properties f or contact elements. This option i s used to assign element section propert ies to ITT-, ISL-, IRS-, and ASI-type cont act elements. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: P art, Part inst ance, Assem bly References: • “Acoustic int erface elements,” Section 26.
* INTERF A CE Data lin e for ASI1 ele ments: First (and only) line: 1. Area associated with th e elements. Enter the dire ction cosin e, in ter ms of the glo bal Carte sian coordina te syste m, of the inte rface norm al that points into the acou stic fluid: 2.
* ITS 9.25 * ITS: D efine proper ties for ITS element s. This option is used to de fine the pr operties f or ITS-ty pe elem ents. The * DASHPOT , * FRICTION , and * SPRING options m ust im m ediately fo llow this opti on.
* ITS 2. Diameter of the hole in the supp ort plate. 3. X -directio n cosine of the a xis of the tube. 4. Y -directio n cosine of the a xis of the tube .
J 10. J ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* JOINT 10.1 * JOINT : Define prop er ties f or JOINTC elements. This option is used to de fine the prope rties for J OINTC elem ents . The * DASHPOT and * SPRING optio ns mus t imm edi ately f ollow this option. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Part, Part insta nce References: • “Flexible j oint element,” Section 26.
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* JOINT EL ASTICITY 10.2 * JOINT ELAS TICITY : Specify ela stic proper ties for elastic- plastic joint ele ments . This option is us ed to define li near elas tic m oduli for elas tic-plas tic joint elem ent s. It can be use d only in conjunction w ith the * EPJOI NT option.
* JOINT E LASTICIT Y 5. T em perature. 6. First field variable. 7. Sec ond field var iable. 8. Third field variabl e. Subsequent lines (onl y needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater than three): 1. Four th field varia ble. 2. Etc.
* JOINT EL ASTICITY 7. T em perature. 8. First field variable. Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater t han one): 1.
* JOINT E LASTICIT Y 7. First field variable. 8. Sec ond field var iable. Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han two): 1.
* JOINT PL ASTICITY 10.3 * JOINT PLA STICITY: Specify pla stic proper ties for ela stic-pla stic joint ele ments. This optio n is used to define the pl astic behavior fo r elastic-plastic jo int elements. It can be used only in conjunction w ith the * EPJOI NT option.
* JOINT P LASTICIT Y 7. First field variable. 8. Sec ond field var iable. Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han two): 1.
* JOINT PL ASTICITY Subsequent lines (onl y needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater than three): 1. Four th field varia ble. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data li nes as often as necessar y to define the plastic behavior as a functi on of temperature and ot her predefined field variab les.
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* JOINTED MA TERIAL 10.4 * JOINTED MA TERIAL: Specify the jointed material model. This option is use d to define a fail ure surfac e and the flow pa ram eters for a si ngle joint sys tem or fo r bulk material failure in t he elastic-plast ic m odel of a jo inted material, or it can b e used to define shear ret ention in open joint s.
* JOINTED MA TERIAL Data lines defining f ailure surface and flow param eters (SHEAR RETENTION omitted): First line: 1. Angle of fricti on, , for this system. Give the value in d egrees. 2. Dil ation angle , , for this system. Give the value in degrees.
* JOULE HEA T FRACTI ON 10.5 * JOULE HEA T F RA CTION: Define the fraction of electric ener gy released as heat. This optio n is used to specify the fr action of dissipat ed electrical ener gy released as heat in coupled t hermal- electrical pro blems.
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K 11. K ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* KAPP A 11.1 * KAPP A: Specify the material parameters and for mass di ffusion driven by gradients of temperatur e and equivalent p ressure stress, respectivel y . This option i s used to int roduce te mpe rature- a nd pressur e-driven m as s diffusion.
* KAPP A Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1. Sixth field variab le. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data l ines as often as necessar y to define as a function of concentr ation, temperature , and other predefined field v ariables.
* KINEMA TI C 11.2 * KINEMA TIC: D efine a kinematic co upling constraint. This option is us ed to define a k inem atic coupli ng constrai nt. It m ust be used in c onjunction w ith the * COUPLING option.
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* KINEMA TIC COUPLING 11.3 * KINEMA TIC COUPLING: Constrain all or specific degrees of freedom of a set of nodes to the rigid bod y motion of a reference node. This option is used to im pose c onstraints be tween deg rees of free dom of a node or node s et and the rigid body motio n defined by a re ference n ode.
* KINEMA TIC COUPLING 3. Last degree of freed om constrai ned. If this field is left blank, the d egree of freedom specified in the second fie ld will be the onl y one constra ined. Repeat this data line as often as necessary to specify constrai nts at diff erent nodes and deg rees of freedom.
L 12. L ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* LA TENT HEA T 12.1 * LA TENT HEA T: Specify latent heats. This opti on is used to specif y a m aterial’ s latent heat. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Latent heat,” Sectio n 20.2.4 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual There are no parameters associ ated with this option.
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* LOAD CASE 12.2 * LO AD CASE: Begin a load case definit ion for m ultiple load case anal ysis. This option i s used to begin each load case definitio n. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Multiple l oad case a nalysis ,” Sectio n 6.
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M 13. M ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* MAP SOLUTION 13.1 * MAP SOLUTION: Map a solution fr om an old mesh to a n ew mesh. This optio n is used to transfer so lution variabl es from an earlier analysi s to a new m esh that occupi es the same space. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Mesh-to-mesh solutio n m apping, ” Section 12.
* MAP SOLUTION 2. V alue of the t ranslatio n to be applie d in the Y -dire ction. 3. V alue of the t ranslatio n to be applie d in the Z -dire ction. Enter valu es of zero to app ly a pure rota tion. Second line: 1. X -coordina te of point a on the axis of rotatio n (see Figure 13.
* MASS 13.2 * MASS: Specify a point mass. This option is used to d efine lumped m ass values associated with MASS elements. For ABAQUS/Standard analyses th is option is also used to d efine m ass proporti onal damping (for direct- integrati on dynamic analysis) and composite damping (for modal dynamic analysis) associated with MASS elements.
* MASS Data line to define the mass magnitude: First (and only) line: 1. Ma ss ma gnitude. Ma ss, not we ight, shoul d be given. ABAQ US does no t use any spe cific phy sical units , so the user ’ s choice m ust be c onsistent. 13.2–2 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
* MASS DIFFUSION 13.3 * MASS DIFFUSION: T ransien t or steady-state uncoupled mass dif fusion analysis. This optio n is used to control u ncoupled transien t or steady-state mass diffu sion analysis. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep Reference: • “Mass diff usion analysis,” Sectio n 6.
* MASS DIFFUSION If a value is gi ven, AB AQUS/ Standard w ill use the m inim um of the given va lue and 0.8 tim es the suggeste d initial tim e step. 4. Ma ximu m tim e inc rem ent. If this value is om itted, no uppe r limi t is imp osed. This value is used only for aut oma tic tim e increm entat ion.
* MASS FLO W RA TE 13.4 * MASS FLO W RA TE: Specify fluid mass flo w rate in a heat transfer anal ysis. This option is use d to specify the m ass flow rate p er unit area (or thr ough the entire se ction for one-di men sional elements) for forced convect ion/dif fusion elements in a heat transfer an alysis.
* MASS FLO W RA TE Data lines to define mass flo w rates: First line: 1. Node number or node set label. 2. Mass flow rate per unit area in the x -direction (units of ML −2 T −1 )o rt o t a lm a s sfl o w r a t ei nt h e cross-section (u nits of MT −1 ) for one-dimensional elements.
* MA TERIAL 13.5 * MA TERIAL: Begin the definiti on of a material. This option is used to indi cate the sta rt of a mate rial definit ion. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Material data defini tion,” Section 16 .
* MA TERIAL Set STRAIN RA TE REGULARIZA TION=LINEAR to use a linear reg ularization for strain rate-dependen t m aterial data. There are no data l ines associated with thi s option.
* MA TRIX 13.6 * MA TRIX: Read in the stiffness or mass matrix f or a linear user element . This option c an be used onl y in conjunc tion with the * USER ELEMENT , LINEAR op tion. It is used to read in the sti ffness or m ass matrix for the user elem ent.
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* MA TRIX ASSEMBLE 13.7 * MA TRIX ASSEMBLE: Define stiffness or mass matrices for a part of the model. This option c an be use d to identify a st iffness or a m ass m atri x that will be ass em bled into the c orrespond ing global fini te element m atrix.
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* MA TRIX INPUT 13.8 * MA TRIX INPUT : Read in a matrix f or a part of the model. This option ca n be use d to input a m atrix i n sparse for mat . Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del References: • “Defining matrices,” Section 2.
* MA TRIX INPUT 4. Degree of freedom number for column node. 5. Ma trix entry . Give data t o define a sym m etric m atrix in low er triangula r , upper trian gular , or squa re form at. F or a square m atrix to be sym m etric, corres ponding entries ab ove and below the diagon al must hav e exactly the same values.
* MEMB RANE SECT ION 13.9 * MEMBRANE SECTION: Specify section p roperties for mem brane elements. This option is used to as sign sec tion propertie s to a set o f mem brane elem ents. Sectio n propertie s include thickness , thicknes s change be havior , m ater ial definition , and m aterial orie ntation.
* MEMBRANE SECTION NODAL THICKNESS Include thi s parameter to indicate that the membrane thickness shoul d not be read fro m the data lines but should be int erpolate d from th e thicknes s specifie d at the nodes w ith the * NODAL THICKN ESS option.
* MOD AL D AMPING 13.10 * MOD AL D AMPING: Specify damping f or modal dynami c analysis. This option is used to spec ify dam ping f or m ode-base d procedur es. It is usua lly use d in conjunc tion with the * SELECT EIGEN MODE S option for sele cting eigen mode s for mo dal superpos ition.
* MOD AL D AMPING analysis,” Section 6.3.1 1 of t he ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual). The v alue of the damping constan t, s , that m ultiplies t he internal f orces is en tered on the da ta line.
* MOD AL D AMPING Data lines to define structur al damping by speci fying mode number s (STRUCTURAL and DEFINITION=MODE NUMBERS): First line: 1. Mod e numbe r of the lowest m ode of a rang e.
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* MOD AL D YNAMIC 13.11 * MOD AL D YNAMIC: Dynamic time history anal ysis using modal superposit ion. This option is us ed to provide d ynam ic tim e history response as a linea r perturba tion procedur e using m odal superposi tion.
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* MOD AL FILE 13.12 * MOD AL FILE: Write generalized coor dinate (modal ampl itude) data or eigendata to the results file duri ng a mode-based dynamic or eigen val ue extraction pr ocedure.
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* MOD AL OUTPUT 13.13 * MOD AL OUTPUT : Write generalized coordin ate (modal amplitude) data to the outp ut database during a mode-based d ynamic or comple x eigen value ext raction procedure.
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* MOD AL PRINT 13.14 * MOD AL PRINT : Print generalized coor dinate (modal ampli tude) data during a mode- based dynamic pr ocedure. This option is us ed during m ode-ba sed dyna mic pr ocedures to contr ol the printed out put of generaliz ed coordinate (mod al am plitude and pha se) value s.
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* MODEL CHANGE 13.15 * MODEL CHANGE: Remove or reacti vate elements and cont act pairs. This optio n is used to remove or reactivate elements or contact pai rs during an analysis. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Element and contact pair removal and reactivation ,” Section 1 1.
* MODEL CHANGE Data lines to remo ve/reactivate elements (TY PE=ELEMENT): First line: 1. Giv e a list of e lem ent num bers and /or elem ent se t nam es that a re involved in the rem oval or reactivatio n. Repeat this data line as oft en as necessar y .
* MOHR COUL OMB 13.16 * MOHR COULOMB: Specify the Mohr-Coul omb plasticity model. This option is used to de fine the yield su rface and flow potential par ame ters for ela stic-plas tic ma terials that use th e Mohr-C oulom b plastici ty m odel. It m ust be us ed in conjun ction with the * MOHR C OULOMB HARDENING option.
* MOHR COULOMB 2. Dil ation angle , , at high co nfining pre ssure in th e p – plane. G ive the v alue in degrees. 3. T em perature. 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s . Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1.
* MOHR COULOMB HARDENING 13.17 * MOHR COULOMB HARDENING: Specify hardeni ng for the Moh r-Coulomb plasticity model. This optio n is used to define p iecewise linear harden ing/softening behavi or for a material defined by the Mo hr- Coulom b plastic ity m odel.
* MOHR COULOMB HARDENING 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data lines as oft en as necessar y to define the dependence o f the cohesion yield stress on plastic str ain and, if needed, on temperat ure and other predefined field variab les.
* MOISTURE SWELLING 13.18 * MOISTUR E SWELLIN G: D efine mois ture-d riven swellin g. This option i s used to de fine the m oistu re-driven swe lling of the s olid skele ton in a par tially sa turated po rous med ium. It can be us ed in the ana lysis of c oupled we tting liquid flow a nd porous m edium stre ss.
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* MOLECULAR WEIGHT 13.19 * MOLECULAR WEIGHT : Define the molecular weight of an ideal gas speci es. This option is us ed to define the m olec ular we ight of an idea l gas spec ies. It can b e used only i n conjunction with the * FLU ID BEHA V IOR option.
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* MONIT OR 13.20 * MONIT OR: Define a degree of freedom to monitor . This option is used to ch oose a node an d degree of free dom to m onitor the progre ss of the solution in th e status file. In ABAQUS/Standard th e information will also be writ ten to the message file.
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* MO TION 13.21 * MO TION: Specify motions as a predefined field. This option is use d to specify m otions of no de sets or individ ual nodes during c avity radiat ion heat trans fer analysis, to d .
* MO TION is given wi th TYPE=V ELOC ITY , the defau lt is a STEP func tion for cavi ty radiati on analys is and a RAMP function for stead y-state transport anal ysis. TYPE This parameter is used to specify whether the magnitude is i n the form of a displacement or a velocity .
* MO TION The following data are required o nly for three-di m ensional cases: 5. Global z -component of poi nt a on the axis of ro tation. 6. Global x -comp onent of point b on the ax is of rotation. 7. Global y -compo nent of point b on t he axis of r otation.
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* MPC 13.22 * MPC: Define multi-poin t constra ints. This optio n is used to impose constr aints between dif ferent degrees of f reedom of the model. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: P art, Part inst ance, Assem bly References: • “General multi-point con straints,” Section 2 8.
* MPC the f ollowing nodes on this li ne. Any number of continuati on lines are allowed. Exactly 15 nodes or node sets must be giv en on each line except the l ast line.
* MULLINS EFFECT 13.23 * MULLINS EF FECT: Specify Mullin s effect mat erial para meters for elastom ers. This option is used to defin e ma terial c onstants fo r the Mullin s effect in fille d rubber ela stom ers or for modeling ener gy dissipation in elas tom eric foams.
* MULLINS EFFECT cannot be specified if b oth the R and M parameters are also specified (use the data li ne instead to specify all three parameters). If this parameter is omitted, will be determ ined from a nonline ar , least-squares fit of t he test data.
* MULLINS EFFECT Data lines to define the mater ial constants if both the TEST D A T A INPUT and USER parameters are omitted: First line: 1. . 2. . 3. (If this entr y is left bla nk, the defa ult value is ta ken to be 0.0 in A BAQU S/Standa rd and 0.
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* M1 13.24 * M1: Define the first bendin g moment behavior of beams. This option is u sed to define th e first bendi ng mom ent beh avior of bea ms. It ca n be used only i n conjunction with the * BEAM G ENERAL SECTION, SECTION=NONLINEAR GENERAL option.
* M1 Subsequent lines (only needed i f the DEPENDENCIES par ameter has a val ue greater than six): 1. Seventh field vari able. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data li nes as often as necessar y to define the bending stiffness as a function of temperature and ot her predefined field variab les.
* M2 13.25 * M2: Define the second bending mom ent behavior of beam s. This option is us ed to define t he second be nding m ome nt behavior o f beam s. It can be used onl y in conjunction with the * BEAM G ENERAL SECTION, SECTION=NONLINEAR GENERAL option and is needed onl y for beams in space.
* M2 Subsequent lines (only needed i f the DEPENDENCIES par ameter has a val ue greater than six): 1. Seventh field vari able. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data li nes as often as necessar y to define the bending stiffness as a function of temperature and ot her predefined field variab les.
N 14. N ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* NCOPY 14.1 * NCOPY : Create nodes b y copyi ng. This option is used to co py a node set to crea te a new node se t. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Part, Part insta nce Reference: • “Node definitio n,” Section 2.
* NCOPY Optional parameter s: MUL TIPLE This para me ter is use d with the SH IFT para met er to define th e num ber of tim es the r otation should be applied. The default is MUL TIPLE=1. NEW SET Set this par ame ter equal to the na me of th e node set to whic h the nodes cr eated by the o peration will be assigned.
* NCOPY 2. Y -coordina te of the first poi nt defining the re flection pla ne. 3. Z -coordinat e of the first poin t defining the re flection pla ne. 4. X -coordina te of the secon d point defining the re flection pla ne (point b in Fig ure 14.
* NCOPY b a Figure 14.1–1 * NCO PY , SHIFT optio n. a , b define the line New Set a b Old se t Figure 14.1–2 * NCOPY , REFLECT=LINE option. 14.1–4 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
* NCOPY a , b , c define the mirror plane New Set Old Set a c b Figure 14.1–3 * NCOPY , REFLECT=MIRROR option. New Set Old set a is the point through which the nodes are reflected a Figure 14.1–4 * NCOPY , REFLECT=POINT option. 14.1–5 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
* NCOPY L L p ole n ode a old set new s et Figure 14.1–5 * NCOPY , POL E option. 14.1–6 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
* NFILL 14.2 * NFILL: Fill in nodes in a re gion. This optio n is used to generate nodes f or a region of a mesh by filling in n odes between two bounds. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Part, Part insta nce Reference: • “Node definitio n,” Section 2.
* NFILL Data lines to fill in nodes between tw o bounds: First line: 1. Na me o f the node set de fining the first bo und of the region. 2. Na me of the node se t defining the se cond bound of the regi on. 3. Number of intervals along each line between boun ding nodes.
* NGEN 14.3 * NGEN: Generate incremental nodes. This option i s used to ge nerate n odes incre me ntally . Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Part, Part insta nce Reference: • “Node definitio n,” Section 2.
* NGEN 6. Sec ond coordina te of the extr a point (if requi red). 7. Thir d coordinate of the ext ra point (if required) . The follow ing entries a re used o nly for a circu lar arc e qual to or larger than 180° : 8. First component of a normal to the circular arc.
* NMAP 14.4 * NMAP: Map nodes fro m one coordinate system to another . This option is use d to ma p a set of nodes fro m one c oordinate sy stem to anot her . Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: This option is not supporte d in a mo del defined i n term s of an ass emb ly of part ins tances.
* NMAP by the dista nce betw een points a and b . The line between points a and b defines the position. For ever y value of the -coordinat e is define d in a plane pe rpendicul ar to the plan e defined by the points a , b ,a n d c and perpendic ular to the a xis of the tor oidal sy stem .
* NMAP 3. Y -coordina te of the point to whic h this control nod e is to be m apped. 4. Z -coordinat e of the point to whic h this control nod e is to be m apped. Second line: 1. Node number of the second cont rol node. 2. X -coordina te of the point to whi ch this control no de is to be m apped.
* NMAP (R, θ , φ ) φ X Y a b c ^ Z ^ ^ z y x z y x b ( θ = 0) ( φ = 0) θ θ R (R, θ , Z ) ( θ = 0) rectangular skewed Cartesian spherical cylindrical z y x (r, θ , φ ) φ r θ R b ( φ = 0) toroidal a d c b Z ^ Y ^ X ^ c a Z ^ b a c c a R z y x z y x z y x z y x Z ^ Figure 14.
* NO COMPRESSION 14.5 * NO COMPRESSION: Intr oduce a compressive failure theo ry (tension only materials). This option i s used to modify the elasticity definit ion so that no compressive stress is allo wed. It can be used only in conjunc tion with the * E LASTIC op tion.
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* NO TENSION 14.6 * NO TENSION: Intr oduce a tension fail ure theory (compression onl y material). This option is us ed to m odify the e lasticity definitio n so that no tens ile stress is allow ed. It can be use d only in conjuncti on with the * ELASTIC option.
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* NOD AL THICKNESS 14.7 * NOD AL THICKNESS: Define shell or membr ane thickness at nodes. This option is use d to define var iable shell or m em bran e thicknes ses on a nodal ba sis.
* NOD AL THICKNESS Data lines when the GENERA TE parameter is omitted: First line: 1. Nod e set labe l or node num ber . 2. Thickness. Repeat this data line as often as necessary to define the variation in shell or membrane thic kness. Data lines when the GENERA TE parameter is incl uded: First line: 1.
* NODE 14.8 * NODE: Specify nodal coor dinates. This option is used to de fine a node direc tly by speci fying its coord inates. Nodal coordi nates given in this option are in a lo cal sys tem if the * SYS TEM option is i n effect when this o ption is used.
* NODE 4. Thir d coordinate of the node . 5. Firs t direction c osine of the no rma l at the node (op tional). 6. Sec ond directio n cosine of the norm al at the node ( optional). F or nodes enter ed in a cylindric al or spherical system, this entry is an an gle given in degr ees.
* NODE FI LE 14.9 * NODE FILE: Define results file requests f or nodal data. This option is use d to choose th e nodal vari ables tha t will be wr itten to the re sults ( .fil ) file in an ABAQUS/Standard analysis or to t he selected results ( .sel ) file in an AB AQUS /Explicit a nalysis .
* NODE FI LE The default value is LAST MODE= N ,w h e r e N is the num ber of modes extracted. If the MODE parameter is used, the default value is LAST MODE= M ,w h e r e M is the v alue of the MO DE parameter . MODE This para me ter applie s only to AB AQUS /Standard a nalyse s.
* NODE OUTPUT 14.10 * NODE OUTPUT : Define output database requests for no dal data. This option is use d to write nodal va riables to the o utput databas e.
* NODE OUTPUT Optional parameter: VA R I A B L E Set V ARIABLE=ALL to indi cate that all nodal variabl es applicable to this pr ocedure and material type should be written to the out put database. Set V ARIABLE=PRESELECT to ind icate that the default nod al output variables f or the current procedur e type should be written to the output dat abase.
* NODE PRI NT 14.11 * NODE PRINT : Define print requests f or nodal variab les. This option i s used to provide tabular pr inted output of n odal variables (displ acem ents, reaction for ces, etc.
* NODE PRI NT output is requ ired. The d efault is MO DE=1. See al so the LAST M ODE pa ram eter . When perform ing a * FR EQUEN CY ana lysis, the normaliz ation will fol low the form at set by the NORMALIZA TION parameter . Otherwise, the normalization i s such that the lar gest displ acem ent com ponent in the m ode has a m agnitud e of 1.
* NODE RESPONSE 14.12 * NODE RESPONSE: Define nodal responses f or design sensitivi ty analysis. This option is u sed to write no dal respons e sensit ivities to the o utput databa se. It m ust b e used in conj unction with the * DESIGN R ESPON SE option.
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* NONSTR UCTURAL MASS 14.13 * NONSTRUCTURAL MASS: Specify mass contribution t o the model from nonstructural featur es. This option is us ed to include t he ma ss contrib ution from nonstru ctural fea tures in the m odel .
* NONSTR UCTURAL MASS Set DISTRIBUTION=VOLUME PROPOR TIONAL to dist ribute the total non structural mass am ong the m em bers of t he elem ent se t region in pro portion to the e lem ent volum e in the ini tial configura tion.
* NORMAL 14.14 * NORMAL: Specify a particular normal directio n. This optio n is used to define alter native nodal normals for elements. In an ABAQUS/Standar d analysis it can also be used to define alternat ive normals for contact surfaces.
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* NSET 14.15 * NSET : Assign nodes to a node set. This option ass igns nodes to a node set. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model or histo ry data Level: Par t, Part instance, Assembly , Model, Step Reference: • “Node definitio n,” Section 2.
* NSET INTERN AL ABAQUS/CAE uses the INTERNAL parameter to identi fy sets that are created int ernally . The INTERNAL parameter is used only in models defined in terms of an assem bly of part instan ces. The default is to omit the INTERNAL parameter .
O 15. O ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* ORIEN T A TION 15.1 * ORIENT A TION: Define a local axis system for material or element pr operty definition, for kinemati c coupling constraints, for free dir ections for in er tia relief loads, or f or connectors.
* ORIEN T A TION SYSTEM Set SYSTEM=RECT ANGULAR (default) to define a rectangu lar Cartesian system by the three points a , b ,a n d c shown i n Figure 15. 1–1. Point c is the origin of the s ystem , poin t a must lie on the -axis, and point b m ust lie on the - plane.
* ORIEN T A TION Data lines to define an orientati on using DEFINITION=NODES: First line: 1. Nod e numbe r of the node at point a . 2. Nod e numbe r of the node at point b . The next item, speci fication of point c (the ori gin), is optional and re levant only f or SYSTEM=RECT ANGULAR and SYSTEM=Z RECT ANGULAR.
* ORIEN T A TION Y Z S YSTEM = CYLINDRICAL S YSTEM = SPHERICAL Z (meridional) b a Y (circumferentia l) X (radial) X (radial) Y (tangential) Z b a X (global) Y Z X (global) S YSTEM = Z RECTANGULAR S YSTEM = RECTANGULAR a b c Y X Z a b c Z Y X Y Z X (global) Y Z X (global) Figure 15.
* ORNL 15.2 * ORNL: Specify constitutive mo del developed b y Oak Ridge National Laboratory . This optio n is used to provide plast icity and creep calculatio ns for type 304 and 316 stain less steel .
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* OUTPUT 15.3 * OUTPUT : Define output requests to the output database. This option is used to w rite conta ct, e lem ent, e nergy , nodal, or dia gnostic out put to the output d atabase . In an ABAQUS/Standard analysi s it is also used to write modal or radi ation output to t he output database.
* OUTPUT HISTOR Y Include thi s param eter to ind icate that th e output reque sts used in con junction with th e * OUTPUT option will be wr itten to the output data base as his tory-typ e output. Optional parameter s: FREQUENCY Set this parameter equal to t he output frequ ency , in increments.
* OUTPUT types except * DYNAMIC and * MODAL DYNAMIC; output will be wri tten every 10 increments for these proced ure types. The FREQUENCY , NUMBER INTER V AL, TIME INTER V AL, and TIME POINTS parameters are mutually exclusive.
* OUTPUT Using * OUTPUT in an AB A QUS/Explici t analysis References: • “Output to the out put databas e,” Sect ion 4.1.3 of the AB AQUS A nalysis U ser ’ s Manua l • “ABAQUS/Explicit ou tput variabl e identifiers,” Section 4.2.2 of th e ABAQ US Analysis User’ s Manual • “Overview of job diag nostics,” Section 23.
* OUTPUT TIME POINTS Set this parameter equal t o the name of the * TIME POINTS option that defines the time points at which outpu t is to be written. If this parameter and the NUMBER INTER V AL parameter are omitted, field output will b e written at 20 equally spaced interv als throughout th e step.
* OUTPUT VA R I A B L E Set V A RIABLE=ALL to ind icate that all variab les applicable to t his procedure an d m aterial type should be w ritten to the output databa se. Set V ARIA BLE= PRESELEC T to indica te that the d efault output v ariables for the current procedur e type shoul d be written to th e output databa se.
P, Q 16. P , Q ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* P ARAMETER 16.1 * P ARAMETER: Define parameters for i nput parametrization. This option i s used to define parameters that can be used in place of ABAQUS input quanti ties. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Par t, Part instance, Assembly , Model, Step References: • “Parametric input,” Secti on 1.
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* P ARAMETER DEPENDENCE 16.2 * P ARAMETER DEPENDENCE: Define dependence table f or tabularl y dependent parameters. This optio n is used to define the dep endence table that sp ecifies the relationsh ip between tabularly dep endent and indepen dent parameters.
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* P ARAMETER SHAPE V ARIA TION 16.3 * P ARAMETER SHAPE V ARIA TION: Define parametric shape v ariations. This option is us ed to define pa ram etric sha pe varia tions. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Part, Part insta nce References: • “Parametric shape variatio n,” Section 2.
* P ARAMETER SHAPE V ARIA TION Optional parameter s if the FILE parameter is used: INC Set this parameter equal to the increment number (in the analysis whose resul ts file is being used as input to th is option) fro m which the displacement data are to b e read.
* P ARAMETER SHAPE V ARIA TION (X,Y,Z) Rectangular Cartesian (SYSTEM=R) (default) R θ Cylindrical (SYSTEM=C) ( θ and φ are given in degrees) (R, θ, φ ) θ φ Spherical (SYSTEM=S) Z Y X Y Y ZZ X X (R, θ ,Z ) Figure 16.3–1 Coordin ate syste ms .
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* PA R T 16.4 * P ART : Begin a part definition. This option is us ed to begin a p art definiti on. It m ust be us ed in conjunc tion with the * A SSEMBL Y , * END PA R T , a n d * INST A NCE optio ns. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del References: • “Defining an assembly ,” Section 2.
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* PERIODIC 16.5 * PERIODIC: D efine periodi c symmetry for a cavity radi ation heat transfer anal ysis. This optio n is used to define cavity symmetry by periodic repetitio n in a given direction . It can be used only following th e * RADIA TION SYMMETR Y option.
* PERIODIC is assum ed to a pply both in the pos itive and neg ative direc tions of the dis tance ve ctor . The default value is NR=2. Data line to define per iodic symmetry of a tw o-dimensional ca vity (TYPE=2D): First (and only) line: 1. x -coordinate o f point a (see F igure 16.
* PERIODIC n = 2 x -2 d - d d 2 d y a b Figure 16.5–1 * PERIO DIC, TY PE=2D op tion. 16.5–3 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
* PERIODIC z x y 2 d d - d -2 d n = 2 c a b Figure 16.5–2 * PERIO DIC, TY PE=3D op tion. 16.5–4 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
* PERIODIC -2 d - d d 2 d n = 2 r z z = const periodic symm reference lin e Figure 16.5–3 * PERIODIC, TYPE=ZDIR option. 16.5–5 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* PERMEA BILITY 16.6 * PERMEAB ILITY : D efine perm eability for pore fluid flow. This option is use d to define perm eab ility for pore flui d flow in problem s involvi ng seepage . Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Permeability ,” Section 20.
* PERMEA BILITY Data line s to define fu lly saturated is otropic permea bility (TYP E=ISO TROPIC) : First line: 1. k .( U n i t s o f L T −1 .) 2. V oid ra tio, e . 3. T em perature, . 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c .
* PERMEA BILITY 6. . 7. V oid ra tio, e . 8. T em perature, . Subsequent lines (only needed if t he DEPENDENCIES parameter is specified): 1. First field variable. 2. Sec ond field var iable. 3. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data l ines as often as necessar y to define the variati on.
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* PHYSICAL CONST ANTS 16.7 * PHYSICAL CONST ANTS: Specify ph ysical constants. This option i s used to define physical constants necessar y for an analysis; since ABAQU S has no built- in units, no defau lt values are provided. If a physical constant required fo r the analysis is not given , ABAQ US will issue a fatal err or message.
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* PIEZOELECTRIC 16.8 * PIEZOELECTRI C: Specify piezoelectric material properties. This optio n is used to define the pi ezoelectric proper ties of a material. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Piezoelectric beh avior ,” Section 20.
* PIEZOELECTRIC 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . Third line : 1. . 2. . 3. T em perature, . 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s . Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1.
* PIEZOELECTRIC 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . Third line : 1. . 2. . 3. T em perature, . 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s . Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1.
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* PIPE-SOIL INTERA CTION 16.9 * PIPE-SOI L INTERA CTION: Specify element pr oper ties f or pipe-soil inter action elements. This option is used to d efine prop erties fo r pipe-soi l interac tion elem ents . The * PIPE-SOIL ST IFFNESS option m ust follow imm edia tely a fter this o ption.
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* PIPE-SOIL S TIFFNESS 16.10 * PIPE-SOI L STIFFNESS: Define constitutive behavi or for pipe-soi l interaction elements. This option i s used to d efine the constitut ive behavi or for pipe- soil intera ction ele me nts. It can b e used only in conjuncti on with the * PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION option.
* PIPE-SOIL S TIFFNESS TYPE Set TYPE =LINE AR (defau lt) to define a linea r constitutive m odel . Set TYPE=NONLINEAR to defi ne a nonlinear constituti ve m odel. Set TYPE =CLA Y to de fine a cons titutive m odel usin g the ASCE fo rmul ae for clay .
* PIPE-SOIL S TIFFNESS 3. T em perature. 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s . Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1. Sixth field variab le.
* PIPE-SOIL S TIFFNESS 7. Sec ond field var iable. 8. Third field variab les. Subsequent lines (onl y needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater than three): 1. Four th field varia ble. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line.
* PIPE-SOIL S TIFFNESS Subsequent lines (onl y needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater than three): 1. Four th field varia ble. 2. Etc.
* PIPE-SOIL S TIFFNESS Data line s if the const itutive be havior is define d in user subroutine UMAT (T YPE=USER ): First line: 1. Enter the data to be used as propert ies in user subroutin e UMAT . Repeat this data li ne as often as necessar y to define proper ties required in UMAT .
* PLANAR TEST D A T A 16.11 * PLANAR TEST D A T A: Used to pro vide planar test (or pure shear) data (compressi on and/or tension). This option is use d to provide plana r test (or pure she ar) data. It can be u sed only in conjunc tion with the * HYPER ELAST IC option, the * HY PERFOAM option, and the * MULLINS EFFECT op tion.
* PLANAR TEST D A T A Data lines to specify pl anar test data for h yperelasticity ot her than the Marlow model: First line: 1. Nominal stress, . 2. Nominal strain in the direction o f loading, . Repeat this data line as of ten as necessar y to give the stress-st rain data.
* PLANAR TEST D A T A 3. Nominal transverse strain, . Default is zero. Not needed if the POISSON parameter is s p e c i fi e do nt h e * HYPERFOAM option.
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* PLASTIC 16.12 * PLASTIC: Specify a metal plasticity model. This option is used to spec ify the plastic pa rt of the mat erial m odel for elasti c-plastic m ate rials that use the Mises or Hill yield surface. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del References: • “Classical metal plasticity ,” Section 18 .
* PLASTIC Optional parameter f or use with HARDENING=ISO TROPIC: RA TE Set this parameter equal to the equival ent plastic strain rate, , for which this stress-strai n curve applies.
* PLASTIC Data lines f or HARDENING=COMBINED with D A T A TYPE=ST ABILIZED: First line: 1. Y ield stres s. 2. Pla stic strain. 3. Stra in range. 4. T em perature. 5. First field variable. 6. Sec ond field var iable. 7. Etc ., up to four field vari ables.
* PLASTIC 2. Pla stic strain. 3. T em perature, if temperature depend ent. Repeat this data l ine a maximum of tw o times to define linear kinematic hardening independent of temperature . Repeat this set of data lines as oft en as necessar y to define a variation of t he linear kinematic hardening modul us with respect to temperat ure.
* PLASTIC A XIAL 16.13 * PLASTIC AXIAL: Define plastic axial f orce f or frame elements. This option c an be use d only in conju nction with the * FRA ME SEC TION optio n. It des cribes th e axial for ce in a frame element as a functio n of the axial plastic displacement.
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* PLASTIC M1 16.14 * PLASTIC M1: Define the first pl astic bending moment behavi or for frame elements. This option ca n be used onl y in conjunct ion with the * F RAME SEC TION optio n. It describe s the bending moment in a fram e element as a function of th e plastic rotatio n about the first cross- section direction .
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* PLASTIC M2 16.15 * PLASTIC M2: Define the second plastic bending moment beha vior fo r frame elements. This option c an be use d only in con junction wi th the * FRA ME SEC TION optio n and is ava ilable only for FRAME 3D elem ents .
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* PLASTIC T ORQUE 16.16 * PLASTIC T ORQUE: Define the plastic torsio nal moment behavior f or frame elements. This option c an be use d only in con junction wi th the * FRA ME SEC TION optio n and is ava ilable only for FRAME 3D elem ents .
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* POROUS BULK MODULI 16.17 * POROUS BULK MODULI: Define bulk m oduli fo r soils and r ocks. This option i s used to de fine the bu lk mod uli of solid gr ains and a perm eating fluid such that t heir com pressibil ity can be cons idered in the ana lysis of a poro us med ium.
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* POROUS ELAS TIC 16.18 * POROUS EL ASTIC: Specify elastic material properties f or porous mater ials. This optio n is used to defin e the elastic parameters for poro us m aterials. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Elastic behavi or of porous materials,” Secti on 17.
* POROUS ELASTI C 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data lines as often as necessary to define the dependence of the material par ameters , G , and on temperature and field v ariables. Data lines to define the instant aneous shear modulus fr om the bulk modul us and Po isson’ s rati o: First line: 1.
* POROUS F AILURE CRITERIA 16.19 * POROUS F A ILURE CR ITERIA: Defin e porous mate rial failure crit eria for a * POROUS MET AL P LASTICIT Y model. This option i s used to specify the material failure criter ia in a porous metal.
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* POROUS MET AL PLASTIC ITY 16.20 * POROUS ME T AL PLASTICITY : Specify a por ous metal pl asticity model. This option is use d to specify the p orous part of the poro us me tal plastic ity mo del. The * POROUS MET AL PLASTIC ITY optio n can be us ed in conjunc tion with the * VOID NUCLEA TION option to define the nucl eation of voids.
* POROUS MET A L PLASTIC ITY 6. Sec ond field var iable. 7. Etc ., up to four field vari ables. Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value great er than four): 1. Fifth field variabl e. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line.
* POST OUT PUT 16.21 * POST OUTPUT : P ostprocess f or output from the restart file. This option ca n be used only for pos tprocess ing to recove r additional prin ted ( .dat ), output dat abase ( .odb ), and results fi le ( .fil ) output from th e restart file of a pr evious anal ysis.
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* PO TENTIAL 16.22 * PO TENTIAL: Define an anisotr opic yield/creep model. This option is use d to define stres s ratios for anis otropic yie ld and creep be havior .
* PO TENTIAL 7. T em perature. 8. First field variable. Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater t han one): 1.
* PREPRINT 16.23 * PREPRINT : Select printout f or the anal ysis input file pro cessor . This option is us ed to selec t the printou t that will be ob tained from the ana lysis inp ut file proces sor . Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Output,” Se ction 4.
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* PRESSU RE PENETR A TION 16.24 * PRESSURE PENETRA TION: Specify pressure penetration loads wit h surface-based contact. This optio n is used to prescribe press ure penetration load ing simulated with surface-based con tact.
* PRESSU RE PENETR A TION OP Set OP =MOD (defa ult) for exi sting pres sure pene tration loa ds to rem ain, w ith this opti on mod ifying existing pr essure penetratio n loads or defining additio nal pressure penetrati on loads. Set OP=NEW if all ex isting pressur e penetration load s applied to the model shou ld be removed.
* PRESSURE STRESS 16.25 * PRESSURE STRESS: Specify equivalent pr essure stress as a predefined field for a mass diffusion anal ysis. This option ca n be used o nly in a * MA SS DIFFUSION analysis to sp ecify pressure as a predefined fi eld.
* PRESSURE STRESS are being r eset to new v alues (not to ini tial conditio ns) via OP =NEW , the AM PLITUD E param eter described above ap plies. Required parameter f or reading equiv alent pressure stresses fr om the results file: FILE Set this para met er equal to the nam e of the resul ts file (including the opt ional .
* PRESSURE STRESS Data lines to define pressur es using the data line f ormat: First line: 1. Node set or node number . If a node set label is given, all nod es in this set must have identical initial pres sures. 2. Reference pressure valu e (positive in com pression) .
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* PRESTRESS HOLD 16.26 * PRESTRE SS HOLD : Keep re bar pres tress c onsta nt during in itial equilib rium solution. This option is use d within a * ST A TIC step (“Static stress anal ysis,” Section 6.2.2 o f the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual) t o keep the stress in some or all of the rebar constant du ring the initial equ ilibrium solution.
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* PRE-TENSION SECTION 16.27 * PRE-TENSION SE CTION: Associate a pre-tension node with a pre-tension section. This option is us ed to asso ciate a pre -tension no de with a pre -tension se ction. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: P art, Part inst ance, Assem bly Reference: • “Prescribed assembly loads,” Sect ion 27.
* PRE-TEN SION SEC TION If the data line is omitted, ABAQUS/Standard wi ll compute an average normal to the pre-tensi on section for con tinuum elements. For truss or beam elements the default no rm al point s from the first to the last node i n the element connectivity .
* PRINT 16.28 * PRINT : Request or suppress output to the messa ge file in an ABA QUS/S tandard analysis or t o the status file in an AB A QUS/Explicit anal ysis. This option is use d to obtain or su ppress de tailed print out in the m essa ge ( .msg ) file in an ABAQUS/Standard analysis or in th e status ( .
* PRINT RESIDUAL Set RESIDUAL=YES (default) if the ou tput of equili brium residuals is to be given during t he equilibriu m itera tions. S et RESID UAL=N O to suppres s the output. SOL VE Set SOL VE=YES to request in formation regarding the actual n um ber of equatio ns and the mem ory requirement in each iteration .
* PSD-D EFINITIO N 16.29 * PSD-DEFINITI ON: Define a cr oss-spectral densit y frequency function f or random response loading. This option is use d to define a frequ ency func tion for refere nce in the * COR RELA TION option to d efine the frequenc y depende nce of the r andom loading in the * RANDOM RESPONSE analysis procedure.
* PSD- DEFINI TION Set TYPE =FORC E (default ) if this frequen cy functio n is given dire ctly in powe r units. Set TYPE =DB if this fr equency fu nction is defin ed in decibe l units (see b elow). T his option cannot be used with th e USER param eter .
R 17. R ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* RADIA TE 17.1 * RADIA TE: Specify radiati on conditions in heat transf er analyses. This option i s used to a pply radia tion boundar y conditio ns betwe en a nonco ncave sur face a nd a nonrefle cting environment in ful ly coupled thermal-stress analysis.
* RADIA TE Set REGI ON TYPE =LAGR ANG IAN (defa ult) to apply the ra diation conditi on to a Lagrang ian boundary re gion. The edge of a La grangian bounda ry region will follo w the mat erial while all owing adapti ve me shing along the edg e and within the in terior of the region .
* RADIA TION FI LE 17.2 * RADIA TION FILE: Define results file requests f or cavity radiati on heat transfer . This option is use d to write ca vity radiat ion variable s to the ABA QUS/Sta ndard resu lts file. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Cavity radiatio n,” Section 32.
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* RADIA TION OU TPUT 17.3 * RADIA TION OUTPUT : Define output database request s for cavi ty radiation variab les. This option is use d to write cavi ty radiatio n variables to th e output databa se. I t must be u sed in conjunct ion with the * OUTPUT option.
* RADIA TION OUTPUT Data lines to request ca vity radiation output: First line: 1. Spe cify the ide ntifying key s for the variab les to be writte n to the output databa se. The keys ar e defined in “ ABAQ US/Sta ndard output va riable ide ntifiers, ” Section 4 .
* RADIA TION P RINT 17.4 * RADIA TION PRINT : Define print requ ests for cavi ty radiation heat transfer . This option is us ed to print tabul ar output of cav ity radiat ion variable s (radiation fl uxes, vie wfacto r totals, a nd facet temperatures).
* RADIA TION PRINT Data lines to request pri nted output: First line: 1. Give the identi fying keys for the v ariables to be prin ted in a table for th is request. The keys are defined in th e “Surface variables” secti on of “ABAQUS/Standard o utput variabl e identifiers,” Section 4.
* RADIA TION SYMMETR Y 17.5 * RADIA TION SYMME TR Y : Define cavity symmetri es for radiati on heat transfer analysis. This option must precede the * CYCLIC, * PERIODIC, and/ or * REFLECTION options to specify symmetries in cavities used f or cavity radiation heat transfer analysis.
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* RADIA TION VIEWF ACT OR 17.6 * RADIA TION VIEWF ACT OR: Control ca vity radiation and vie wfactor calculations. This option i s used to c ontrol the c alculatio n of viewfa ctors duri ng a cavity radiati on analys is. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep Reference: • “Cavity radiatio n,” Section 32.
* RADIA TION VIEWF ACT OR SYMMETR Y Include this pa ram eter to indica te the existe nce of radiati on sym me tries in the m odel. This parameter must be set equal to the name appearing in the * RADIA TION SYMMETR Y option where the symmetries are defined.
* RANDOM RESPONSE 17.7 * RANDOM RESPONSE: Calculate response to random loading . This optio n is used to give t he linearized resp onse of a model to random excitatio n. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Random response analysis,” Secti on 6.
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* RA TE DEPENDENT 17.8 * RA TE DEPENDENT : Define a rate-dependent vi scoplastic model. This option c an be used in conjunctio n with the * PLASTIC option (HARDENING=ISOTROPIC only) , the * DRUCKER PRAGER HARDENING option, and/or th e * CRUSHABLE FOAM HA RDENING option to introdu ce strain rate dependence in t he m aterial models.
* RA TE DE PENDENT Data lines to define the overst ress power la w parameters (TYPE= PO WER LA W): First line: 1. D . 2. n . 3. T em perature. 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s .
* RA TI OS 17.9 * RA TIOS: Define anisotr opic swel ling. This option is u sed to spec ify ratios that defin e anisotrop ic swelli ng. T he * RA TIOS option can be used on ly in conjuncti on with the * MOISTURE SWELLING option or the * SWELLI NG option, and it sho uld appear immediately after either one.
* RA TI OS Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value great er than four): 1. Fifth field variabl e. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data l ines as often as necessar y to define the dependence of the anisotropic s welli ng ratios on temper ature and other field v ariables.
* REBAR 17.10 * REB AR: Define rebar as an element pro per ty . This optio n is used as an alternativ e m ethod to define rebar as an element property in shel ls, m embranes, and solid (co ntinuum) elements. It must be used to define rebar i n beam s in ABAQUS/Standard analyses.
* REBAR Optional parameter s: GEOMETR Y This parameter is not meaningful for rebar in beams, axisymm etric shells, or axisymm etric me mbr anes, or fo r single re bar in co ntinuum e lem ents.
* REBAR 2 1 L ocal beam s ection axes X X 1 2 Rebar Figure 17.10–1 Rebar location in a beam section. Data lines to define i soparametric rebar in three-di mensional shell element s: First line: 1. Element number or name of the element set that contains these reb ar .
* REBAR 3 2 1 4 Similar to edge 1 or 3 S imilar to e dge 2 or 4 1 1-2 2 2-3 3 3-4 4 4-1 Edge Corner node s 4 2 2 3 1 1 physical space isoparametric space Figure 17.10–2 “Isopa ram etric” re bar in a thre e-dim ensiona l shell or m em brane . Data lines to define skew rebar in three-dimen sional shell elements: First line: 1.
* REBAR Data lines to define rebar in axisymmetric shell elements: First line: 1. Element number or name of the element set that contains these reb ar . 2. Cross-sectional area of each rebar . 3. Spa cing of rebar in this re bar layer. The def ault is 1.
* REBAR 4. Or ientation o f rebar in degr ees. See Fig ure 17.10–3. 5. Fra ctional dist ance from the e dge given belo w , f (ratio of the di stance between the edge and the rebar to t he distance across the el em ent). 6. Edge numbe r from which the re bar are defi ned.
* REBAR 5. Isoparametric direction (fo r three-dimensional elements only). In three-dimensional cases the fracti onal distances ,a n d are given along the first t wo edges of the face ide ntified in Figure 1 7.10–7 for the isopa ram etric dire ction chosen .
* REBAR Edge Corner nodes 1 1-2 2 2-3 3 3-4 4 4-1 rebar layer B L A2 L 2 2 1 4 3 Isoparametric mapping o f element with rebar 4 3 rebar layer A, defined with edge 1 and f = = rebar layer B, defined with edge 2 or 4 2 1 y x Actual element rebar layer A A4 L 2 1 A2 L L 2 A4 L L 4 4 L Figure 17.
* REBAR Edge Corner nodes 1 1-2 2 2-3 3 3-4 4 4-1 Isoparametric mapping of element with rebar y x Actual element 2 1 4 3 4 3 2 1 rebar layer A A1 L 2 1 L 2 L A2 rebar layer A defined with f 1 = , f 2 .
* REBAR Edge Corner nodes 1 1-2 2 2-3 L 2 2 1 4 3 Isoparametric mapping of element with rebar 4 3 2 1 y x single reba r 2 1 Actual element single rebar defined with f 1 = and f 2 = 1 l L 2 2 l L 1 1 l 2 l 1 L Figure 17.10–6 SING LE reba r in a solid e lem ent.
* REBAR Isoparametric direction: 1 (parallel to the 1-2 edge of the element and intersecting face 1-4-8-5) Isoparametric direction: 2 (parallel to the 1-4 edge of the element and intersecting face 1-5.
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* REBAR LA YER 17.11 * REB AR LA YER: Define l ayer s of reinf orcement in membrane, shell , surface, and continuum el ements. This optio n is used to define one or multiple reb ar layers in mem brane, shell, and surface elements.
* REBAR LA YER ORIENT A TION This parameter is meaningful on ly for rebar in gen eral shell, mem brane, and su rface elements. Set this para met er equal to the nam e of an orie ntation defi nition that defi nes the angu lar orienta tion of the rebar on th e data lines.
* REBAR LA YER 9. Radius, , of the rebar d efined with GEOMETR Y=LIFT EQUA TION. The value is the position o f the rebar in the uncured g eom etry , measured with respect to the axis of ro tation in a cylind rical coor dinate sy stem . This e ntry has no m ea ning for reba r defined us ing GEOMETR Y=CONST ANT or GEOMETR Y =ANGULAR.
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* REFLECTION 17.12 * REFLECTION: Define reflection symmet ries for a ca vity radiation heat transf er analysis. This option is used to de fine a cavity s ym met ry by reflec tion through a line or a plan e. It can be use d only following th e * RADIA TION SYMMETR Y option.
* REFLECTION Data lines to define reflecti on of a three-dimensional ca vity (TYPE=PLANE): First line: 1. X -coordina te of point a (se e Figure 17.12–2 ). 2. Y -coordina te of point a . 3. Z -coordinat e of point a . 4. X -coordina te of point b .
* REFLECTION Z X a b n Y c Figure 17.12–2 * REFLECTION, TYPE=PLANE option . 17.12–3 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
* REFLECTION z r z = const symmetry lin e Figure 17.12–3 * REFLECTION, TYPE=ZCONST option. 17.12–4 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
* RELEASE 17.13 * RELEASE: Release r otational degrees of freedom at one or both ends of a beam element. This option is use d to releas e a rotationa l degree of fre edom or a com bination of ro tational deg rees of free dom at one or both ends of a beam element.
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* RESPON SE SPECTRUM 17.14 * RESPONSE SPECTR UM: Calculate the response based on user-supplied response spectra. This option i s used to calculate estimates of peak values of displacements and stress es based on user-suppli ed response spectra (d efined using the * SPECTRU M option) and o n the natural m ode s of the sys tem .
* RESPON SE SPECTRUM 4. Z -direction c osine of this dire ction. 5. Fac tor m ultiplying th e ma gnitudes in the respons e spec trum. De fault is 1.0. Second line (optional): 1. Name of the response spectrum to be used in the second dir ection. 2. X -direction cosine of this d irection.
* REST AR T 17.15 * REST ART : Save and reuse data and anal ysis results. W A RNING : This option c an cr eate a v ery large amount of data. T he size is e stimated b y the analys is input file p r oces sor in an AB AQUS/St andar d analy sis. This option is us ed to control the wri ting and read ing of restar t data.
* REST AR T If this parameter is omitted, the restart will b egin at the end of the step specified o n the STEP parameter . ITERA TION If the new analysis i s restarted from a previous direct cycli c.
* REST AR T When the OVERLA Y parameter is included, each increment written overl ays the previous increm ent, if any , writ ten for the s ame step. If this pa ram eter is om itte d, data a re retaine d for every increment. In either case the last increment of every step is retai ned.
* REST AR T Optional parameter s if the WRITE parameter is used: NUMBER INTER V AL Set this parameter equal to th e number of intervals duri ng the step at which the * REST AR T data are to be written . The value of this par am eter must be a positiv e integer .
* RET AINED EIGENMODES 17.16 * RET A INED EIGENMODES: Select the modes to be retained in a substructure generation analysi s. This option s elects the modes to be used in a substructure gener ation analysis. The m odes must be extracted in a prior * FREQUENCY step and will includ e residual modes if they were activat ed.
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* RET AINED NOD AL DOFS 17.17 * RET A INED NOD AL DOFS: Specify the degrees of freedom that are to be retained as external to a substructur e . This optio n is used to list deg rees of freedom that are to be retai ned as external degrees of f reedom on the substruct ure.
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* RIGID BOD Y 17.18 * RIGID BOD Y : Define a set of elements as a rigid body and d efine rigid element properties. This optio n is used to bind a set of el em ents and/ or a set of nodes and/or an a.
* RIGID BOD Y PIN NSET Set this parameter equal to the name of a node set cont aining pin-t ype nodes to be assigned to the rigid body . This pa ram eter ca n be used to add no des to a rigid bod y or to redefi ne node typ es of nodes on el eme nts include d in the rigid body by th e ELSET pa ram eter .
* RIGID BOD Y There are no data lines associ ated with this option in an AB A QUS/Standar d analysi s. Data line fo r R2D2, RB2D2, and RB 3D2 elements in an AB A QUS/Explicit anal ysis: First (and only) line: 1. Cross-sectional ar ea of the element. The defaul t is 0.
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* RIGID SURF A CE 17.19 * RIGID SURF ACE: Define an analyt ical rigid surface. This optio n must be used when defining the seabed for three-di m ensional dr ag chain elements in ABAQUS/Standard analyses. For all other cases the prefer red options for defini ng analytical rigid surfaces are the * SURF ACE and the * RIGID BODY optio ns.
* RIGI D SURF A CE Set TYPE= CYLIN DER to defi ne a three-dim ens ional rigid surfa ce by providin g connected line segments and then sweepi ng them along a specified generato r vector .
* RIGID SURF A CE Third line : 1. The “word” ST A R T . 2. Local x -coordinate o f the starting poi nt of the line segm ent s. 3. Local y -coordin ate of the starting point of the li ne segm ents.
* RIGI D SURF A CE Data line to define a parabolic arc segment: 1. The “word” P ARAB. 2. x -coordinate of the m iddle poi nt along the parabol ic arc. 3. y -coordinat e of the middle point along the par abolic arc. 4. x -coordinate of the e ndpoint of the parabolic a rc.
* RIGID SURF A CE local r line segme nt circular arc segment n a b local z Start n Figure 17.19–2 * RIGID SURF ACE, TYPE=REVOLU TION. 17.19–5 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
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* ROT AR Y IN ERTIA 17.20 * RO T ARY I NERTIA: Define rigid bod y rotary inertia. This option is u sed to define rigid body rot ary iner tia values a ssocia ted with RO T AR YI el eme nts.
* ROT ARY IN ERTI A In lar ge-displacement analysis (an ABAQUS/Expli cit analysis or when the NLGEOM param eter is i ncluded on th e * STEP option in an ABA QUS/Standar d analysis), the local axes of inertia rota te with the rota tion of the node to which the R OT AR YI e lem ent is attache d.
S 18. S ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* SECTION C ONTROLS 18.1 * SECTION CONTR OLS: Specify section controls. W A RNING : Using value s lar ger th an the default values f or hourglass contr ol can pr oduce excessively stiff r esponse and sometimes can even lead to in stability if the valu es ar e too large.
* SECTION C ONTROL S Required parameter : NAME Set this parameter equal to a label that wi ll be used to refer to the section co ntrol definiti on. All section contro l names in the same input file must be unique. Optional parameter s: DISTOR TION CONTROL This param ete r applies only to AB AQUS /Explicit ana lyses .
* SECTION C ONTROLS ABAQ US/Sta ndard and AB AQUS/ Explicit. Any data giv en on the data line w ill be ignored for this case. Set HOURGLASS=RELAX STIFFNESS (default for ABAQUS/Explicit, except for ele.
* SECTION C ONTROL S NO. For elements other than cohesive elements, connector elements, and elements with plane str ess formulations the def ault value is 1.0 if the elem ent is delet ed from the m esh and 0.99 otherwise. For cohesive elements, connector el em ents, and elements with plane str ess formulations the default value is alwa ys 1.
* SECTION C ONTROLS 3. Scaling facto r , , for the h ourglass stiff ness for use with the out- of-plane di splacem ent deg ree of freedom in small-strain shel l elements in ABAQUS/Explicit. If this value i s left blank, ABAQ US/Explic it will use the d efault value o f 1.
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* SECTIO N FILE 18.2 * SECTION FILE: Define results file requests of accumul ated quantities on user-defined surface sections. This optio n is used to control o utput to the result s file of accumulated quantities associ ated with a user-defined section.
* SECTIO N FILE average rigid bod y m otion of th e surface section. This param eter is relevant o nly if AXES=LOCAL and the NLGEOM parameter is active in the step. Optional data lines: First line: 1. Node number of the anchor point (blank i f coordinates given).
* SECTIO N FILE 2 a 3 b 1 defined section 2 a 1 anchor point anchor point Y Y XX elements used to define the section 2-D and axisymmetric 3-D defined section Z Figure 18.
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* SECTION ORIGIN 18.3 * SECTION ORIGIN: Define a meshed cross-section ori gin. This option is u sed in conjun ction with the * BEAM SECTION GENERA TE option to d efine the location of the beam node on a meshed beam cross-section.
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* SECTION POINTS 18.4 * SECTION POINTS: Locate points in the beam section f or which stress and strain output are required. This option is used as model data in ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Expl icit in.
* SECTION POINTS 4. Local - position of se cond se ction point. Continue giving coordinate pairs f or as many point s as needed. At most f our pairs of points can be specified on any data line . If the point (0,0) is specified as the last entry on a line, it will be ignored unless it is the only point requested.
* SECTI ON PRIN T 18.5 * SECTION PRINT : Define print requests of accum ulated quantiti es on user-defined surface sections. This option i s used to provide tabular ou tput of accumulated quantit ies associated with a user-defined secti on.
* SECT ION PRIN T average rigid bod y m otion of th e surface section. This param eter is relevant o nly if AXES=LOCAL and the NLGEOM parameter is active in the step. Optional data lines: First line: 1. Node number of the anchor point (blank i f coordinates given).
* SECTI ON PRIN T 2 a 3 b 1 defined section 2 a 1 anchor point anchor point Y Y XX elements used to define the section 2-D and axisymmetric 3-D defined section Z Figure 18.
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* SELEC T CYCL IC SYMM ETR Y MOD ES 18.6 * SELECT CYCLIC SYMMET R Y MODES: Specify the cycl ic symmetry modes in an eigen value anal ysis of a cycl ic symmetric structure. This option is use d to specify w hich cyc lic sym m etry m odes sh ould be used in an eig envalue an alysis.
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* SELECT EIGENMODES 18.7 * SELECT EIGENMODE S: Select the modes to be used in a modal d ynamic analysi s. This optio n selects the modes to be used in a dynam ic analysis based on m odes or in a co m plex eigenv alue extraction anal ysis. Only one option per step can be used.
* SELECT EIGENMODES Data lines if the GENERA TE parameter is omitted and DEFI NITION=MODE NUMBERS: First line: 1. List of modes to be used. Repeat this data line as oft en as necessar y . Up to 16 entries are allowed per line . Data lines if t he GENERA TE parameter is omit ted and DEFINITION=FREQUENCY RANGE: First line: 1.
* SFILM 18.8 * SFILM: Define film coefficients and associated sink temperatu res over a surface f or heat transfer anal ysis. This optio n is used to provid e film coefficients and si nk temperatures over a surface for fu lly coupled thermal- stress analysis.
* SFILM The FILM AMPLITUDE parameter is ignored if a no nuniform film coefficient is defin ed in user subroutin e FILM or if a film coefficient is defin ed to be a function of temperature and field variable s using the * FILM PROPE R TY option.
* SFLO W 18.9 * SFLO W: Define seepage coefficients an d associated sink pore pressur es normal to a surface. This option i s used to pr ovide see page coe fficients and s ink pore pre ssures t o control pore fluid flow norm al to the surfac e in consolida tion analys is.
* SFLO W Data lines to define draina ge-only seepage: First line: 1. Surface name. 2. Seepage flow type label QD. 3. Drainage-only seepage coef ficient valu e, .( U n i t s o f F −1 L 3 T −1 .) Repeat this data l ine as often as necessary to define drainage-only seepage f or various surf aces .
* SHEAR CE NTER 18.10 * SHEAR CENTER: Define the position of the shear center of a beam section. This option ca n be used only in c onjunction w ith the * BEAM GENERAL SECTION, SECTION=GENERAL or the * BEA M GEN ERAL SE CTION , SECTI ON=ME SHED op tion.
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* SHEAR F AILURE 18.11 * SHEAR F AILURE: Specify a shear fai lure model and criter ion. This option is us ed with the Mis es or the J ohnson-Coo k plastici ty m odels to spe cify she ar failure o f the mat erial. It m ust be us ed in conjunc tion with the option * PLASTI C, HARDENI NG=ISOT ROPIC or JOHNSON COOK.
* SHEAR F AILURE Data line s to defin e the fa ilure stra in in tabular form (TYPE=T ABULAR): First line: 1. Equi valent plas tic strai n at failure , . 2. Rate of equivalent plast ic strain, . 3. Dimensionless pressure-dev iatoric stress rati o, . 4.
* SHEAR RETENTION 18.12 * SHEAR RETENTION: Define the reducti on of the shear modulus associated wi th crack surfaces i n a * CONC RETE model as a fu nction of the tensile strai n across the crack.
* SHEAR RETENTION 7. Sec ond field var iable. 8. Third field variabl e. Subsequent lines (onl y needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater than three): 1.
* SHEAR T EST DA T A 18.13 * SHEAR TEST D A T A: Used to pro vide shear test data. This option c an be use d only in conj unction wit h the * VISCO ELAST IC option. The * SHEAR TEST D A T A option cann ot be used for a viscoelastic material if t he * CO MBINED TEST DA T A option is used.
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* SHELL GENERAL SECTION 18.14 * SHELL GENERAL SECTION: Define a general, arbitrary , elastic shell section. This option is us ed to define a ge neral, a rbitrary , ela stic shell se ction. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Part, Part insta nce References: • “Shell elements: overview ,” Section 23.
* SHELL GENERAL SECTION controls, ” Section 21. 1.4 of the ABA QUS Ana lysis Us er ’ s Manual) or to be u sed in a subseq uent ABAQ US/Expl icit im port analy sis.
* SHELL GENERAL SECTION The fo llowing param eters are optio nal, mutuall y exc lusive, and used onl y if the section i s not defined b y its general stiffness on the data l ines: COMPOSITE Include this par am eter to indi cate that the shell is composed of layers with dif ferent linear elast ic ma terial beha vior .
* SHELL GENERAL SECTION Optional parameter f or use when the MA TERIAL, the COMPOSITE, and the USE R parameters are omitted: DEPENDENCIES Set this parameter equal to the number of field variable dependencies included in t he definition of the scaling moduli, in addition t o tem perature.
* SHELL GENERAL SECTION 3. , temperature for these values of Y and . 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s . Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1.
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* SHELL SEC TION 18.15 * SHELL SECTION: Specify a shell cr oss-section. This option is used to sp ecify a shell cross-section. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Part, Part insta nce References: • “Shell elements: overview ,” Section 23.
* SHELL SECTION DENSITY Set this parameter equal to a mass per unit surface ar ea of the shell. If this param eter is us ed, the m ass of the she ll includes a cont ribution from this param ete r in addition to any c ontribution from the m ateria l definition.
* SHELL SEC TION In ABAQUS/Standard the defau lt is POISSON=0.5; in ABAQUS/Explicit th e default is POISSON=MA TERIAL. ST ACK DIRECTION This para me ter is relev ant only for co ntinuum shells. This param ete r defines the conti nuum s hell stack or th ickness dir ection.
* SHELL SECTION be at least 3, except in a pure heat tran sfer analysis, where the number of integration po ints can be 1 for a consta nt tem perature thr ough the shell thic kness. Data lines to define a composite shell (the COMPOSI TE parameter is inc luded): First line: 1.
* SHELL T O SOLID COUPLING 18.16 * SHELL T O SOLID COUPLING: Define a surface-based coupling between a shell edge and a solid face. This surface-b ased option allo ws for a transition fr om shell element modeling to soli d elem ent modeling in a three-dim ens ional analy sis.
* SHELL TO SOLID COU PLING 2. The solid surface name. Repeat this data line as often as necessary to define all the surfaces f orming the coupling definition. Each data line defines a pair of surf aces that wi ll be coupled. 18.16–2 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
* SIMPED ANCE 18.17 * SIMPED ANCE: Define impedances of acoustic surfaces. This option i s used to pro vide surfa ce im pedanc e inform ation or non reflecti ng boundarie s for acou stic and coupled ac oustic-s tructural a nalysis .
* SIMPED ANCE Optional parameter: OP Set OP= MOD (de fault) to m odify e xisting im pedanc es or to define a dditional im pedan ces. Set OP=NEW if all existing impedances appli ed to the m odel shoul d be rem oved. T o rem ove only selected impedances, use OP=NEW an d respecify all impedances that ar e to be retained.
* SIMPLE SHEAR TEST D A T A 18.18 * SIMPLE SHEAR TEST D A T A: Used to pro vide simple shear test data. This option i s used to pr ovide sim ple s hear tes t data.
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* SLIDE LIN E 18.19 * SLIDE LI NE: Specify slide lin e surfaces on which deformable st ructures may intera ct. This option i s relevant only for slid e line and tube-to-tu be contact elements. It is used to define the slide line and to specify which set of contact elements inter acts with it.
* SLIDE LIN E SMOOTH Set this parameter equal to the smoothin g fraction, f , to round discon tinuities between lin e segm ents of a slide line . The defa ult is 0. The lim it is . Data lines if th e GENER A TE parame ter is omitte d: First line: 1. First node nu m ber on th is slide line.
* SLOAD 18.20 * SLO AD: Apply l oads to a substructure. This optio n is used to activate a subst ructure load case defined by the * SUBSTRUCTURE LOAD CASE option. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Using substruct ures,” Section 10.
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* SOILS 18.21 * SOILS: Effective stress analysi s for flui d-filled por ous media. This optio n is used to specify transient (co nsolidation) or st eady-state response analysis of par tially or fully saturate d fluid-fille d porous m edia.
* SOILS FA C T O R Set this parameter equal to the damping factor to b e used in the automatic dam ping algor ithm (see “So lving nonlinear pr oblem s,” Sect ion 7.
* SOILS 5. The rate of change of pore pressu re with time, used to define steady state: only needed if END=S S is chose n. When a ll nodal we tting liquid pre ssures a re changi ng at rates belo w this value, the soluti on term inates. 18.21–3 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
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* SOLID SECTION 18.22 * SOLID SECTION: Specify element properties f or solid, infinite, acoustic, and t russ elements. This option is use d to define prope rties of solid (c ontinuum ) elem ents , infinite e lem ents, a coustic fini te and infinite elements, and truss elements.
* SOLID SECTION Required parameter f or anisotropi c materials optional parameter f or isotropi c materials: ORIENT A TION Set this parameter equal to t he name given for the * ORIENT A TION option (“Orientat ions,” Section 2.
* SOLID SECTION Data line to define homogeneous soli d elements, infinite elements, acoustic elements, or truss elements: First (and only) line: 1. Enter any attribu te values required .
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* SOLUBIL ITY 18.23 * SOLUBIL ITY : Spe cify solu bility . This option is u sed to define the sol ubility for a ma terial diffusing th rough a base m ateria l. It m ust be us ed in conjunction with the * DIFFUSIVITY option. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del References: • “Solubil ity ,” Sectio n 20.
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* SOLUTION TECHNIQUE 18.24 * SOLUTION TECHNIQUE: Specify alternative solution methods. This optio n is used to specify the quasi- Newton method instead of the stan dard Newton method for solving no nl.
* SOLUTION TECHNIQUE Data line for TYP E=CON T A CT ITER A TION S: First (and only) line: 1. Cor rection fa ctor on the m axim um num ber of right-ha nd-side so lutions during an y contact iteration.
* SOL VER CONTROLS 18.25 * SOL VER CONTROLS: Specify controls f or the iterati ve linear solver . This option is u sed to set th e control par am eters for th e iterativ e linear e quation solve r . Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep Reference: • “Iterative li near equation so lver ,” Section 6.
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* SORPTIO N 18.26 * SORPTION: Define absorption and e xsorption behavior . This option is use d to define abso rption and exsor ption behavior s of a partially saturate d porous m edium in the analy sis of c oupled w etting liquid flow and por ous m edium str ess.
* SORPTION 3. . This va lue m ust lie in the range . The default is 0. 01. 4. . This value must lie in the rang e . The default is 0.01 pl us a very small positive number (since cannot be e qual to ). Data line f or TYPE=SCANNING: First (and only) line: 1.
* SPECIFIC HEA T 18.27 * SPECIFIC HEA T: Define specific heat. This option i s used to specify a material’ s specific heat. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “Specific heat,” S ection 20.
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* SPECTRUM 18.28 * SPECTR UM: Define a response spectrum. This option is used to d efine a s pectrum to be used in a * RESPONSE SPECTRUM analysis. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del References: • “Response spectru m analysis,” Section 6.
* SPECTR UM Date lines to define a spectrum: First line: 1. Ma gnitude of the spe ctrum . 2. Frequency , in cycles per tim e, at which this magnitude is used. 3. Associated damping, given as ratio of crit ical damping. Repeat this data line as often as necessary to define the spectrum at all frequencies at each damping val u e.
* SPRING 18.29 * SPRING: Define spring beha vior . This optio n is used to define the spr ing behavior for sp ring elements. In ABAQUS/Standard analyses it is also used to define the spring behav ior for ITS and JOINTC elem ents.
* SPRING system. Set this p aram eter equal to t he nam e of the * ORIENT A TION definitio n (“Orientations,” Section 2.2.5 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual). RT O L This param ete r applies only to AB AQUS /Explicit ana lyses . Set this pa ram eter equa l to the tole rance to b e used for r egularizi ng the m ateria l data.
* SPRING 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s . Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1. Sixth field variab le. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line.
* SPRING 2. For SPRING2 elements give the d egree of freedom with which t he springs are associat ed at their second nod es. If the ORIENT A TION parameter is included on th e * SPRING option when de.
* SRADIA T E 18.30 * SRADIA TE: Specify surface radi ation conditions in heat tr ansfer analysis. This option is us ed to apply s urface r adiation boun dary condi tions betw een a noncon cave surf ace and a nonreflec ting environm ent in f ully couple d therm al-stre ss analy sis.
* SRADIA TE 4. Emissivity , . Repeat this data li ne as often as necessar y to define radiat ion conditions f or diff erent surf aces. 18.30–2 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
* ST A TIC 18.31 * ST A TIC: Static str ess/displacement anal ysis. This option is use d to indicate that the s tep should be ana lyzed as a s tatic load ste p. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Static stress an alysis,” Section 6.
* ST A TIC by ABAQUS is not suitable. This parameter m ust be used in conju nction with the ST ABILIZE parameter and overrides the aut omatic calculation of the damping factor b ased on a value of the dissipated ener gy fraction. This parameter cannot be used if t he RIKS parameter is included.
* ST A TIC 3. Mi nimum time increment allowed. Only used for automatic time increm entatio n. If ABAQ US/Stan dard finds it needs a s mal ler tim e increm ent than this va lue, th e analys is is terminated.
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* STEAD Y ST A TE CRITERIA 18.32 * STEAD Y ST A TE CRITERIA: Specify stead y-state criteria for term inating a quasi-static uni-di rectional sim ulation. This option is use d to specify the nor ms tha t must be s atisfied to h alt a quasi-s tatic uni-direc tional sim ulation based on a chieving a ste ady-sta te condition.
* STEAD Y ST A TE CRITERIA 7. First directi on cosine of f orce or torque n orm output at the refer ence node. 8. Sec ond directi on cosine of for ce or torque nor m outpu t at the refer ence node . 9. Thir d direction cosin e of force or torque norm output at the re ference nod e.
* STEAD Y ST A TE DETECTION 18.33 * STEAD Y ST A TE DETECTION: Specify steady-state requi rements for terminati ng a quasi-static uni-di rectional sim ulation. This option is used to defi ne the condition s that mus t be satisfie d to determ ine that stea dy state has be en reached.
* STEAD Y ST A TE DETECTION 3. Thir d directio n cosine of pr ima ry direc tion. 4. Global X -coordinate o f a point on the cutting pla ne. 5. Global Y -coordinate of a p oint on the cutting pla ne. 6. Global Z -coordinate of a p oint on the cutting pla ne.
* STEAD Y ST A TE D YNAMICS 18.34 * STEAD Y ST A TE D YNAMICS: Steady-state dynamic response based on harmonic excitatio n. This optio n is used to calculate the system’ s linearized steady-state resp onse to harmonic excitation .
* STEAD Y S T A TE D YN AMICS Set SUBSP A CE PROJ ECTIO N=EIG ENFREQ UENC Y if the projectio ns onto the moda l subspace of the dynamic equatio ns are to be performed at each eigenfr equency within the requested rang es and at the eigenfreq uencies imm ediately ou tside these ranges.
* STEAD Y ST A TE D YNAMICS Data lines f or a steady-state d ynamics analysis: First line: 1. Low er lim it of frequen cy range or a single f requency , in cy cles/tim e.
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* STEAD Y ST A TE TRANSPORT 18.35 * STEAD Y ST A TE TRANSPORT : Steady-stat e transport analysis. This optio n is used to indicate that th e step should be analyzed as a steady-st ate transport analysis. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Steady-state transp ort analysis,” Section 6.
* STEAD Y ST A TE TRANSPORT parameter and overrides the aut omatic calculation of the damping factor b ased on a value of the dissipated ener gy fraction. INER TIA Include thi s parameter to indicate that inertia ef fects must be accounted for . Set INER TIA= NO (defa ult) to ignore inert ia effects.
* STEAD Y ST A TE TRANSPORT terminated. If this entry is zer o, a default value o f the smaller of the suggest ed initial ti m e increment or 10 −5 times th e total tim e perio d is assu med . 4. Ma ximu m tim e incre me nt allowed . Only use d for autom atic tim e incr eme ntation.
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* STEP 18.36 * STEP: Begin a step. This optio n is used to begin each st ep definition. It must be followed by a pro cedure definition o ption. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : History data Level: Mo del Beginning a step in an AB A QUS/Standar d analysis References: • “Procedures: overview ,” Section 6.
* STEP CONVER T SDI This parameter determines how severe discont inuities (such as contact changes) are accounted for during non linear analysis. Set CON VER T SDI=N O (default) to forc e a new itera tion if severe dis continuitie s occur during an iteratio n.
* STEP NAME Set this parameter equal to a label t hat will be used to refer to t he step on the output d atabase. Step nam es in the sa me inp ut file m ust be unique. Step nam es from the origi nal input file ca n be reused in a restart input fil e.
* STEP Beginning a step i n an ABA QUS/ Explicit anal ysis References: • “Procedures: overview ,” Section 6.1.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual • * END STEP Optional parameter: NAME Set this parameter equal to the name used to identi fy the step on the output d atabase.
* SUBMODEL 18.37 * SUBMODEL: Specify driven boundary nodes in submodel ing analysis. This option is u sed to spec ify the tota l list of “driv en nodes” f or a subm odel. Pr oducts: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : Model data Level: P art, Part inst ance, Assem bly Reference: • “Submodeling,” Sectio n 10.
* SUBMODEL EXTERIOR TOLERANCE Set this parameter equal to the fr action of the average element size in th e global model by which a driven nod e of the submodel may lie outside th e region of the elements of th e global model.
* SUBSTR UCTURE COPY 18.38 * SUBSTRUCTURE COPY : Copy a substructure definition. This option is use d to copy a subs tructure d efinition from one libra ry to anothe r or from one sub structure identifier to a nother withi n one library .
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* SUBSTR UCTURE DELETE 18.39 * SUBSTRUCTURE DELETE : Remove a substructure fr om the substructure library . This option is use d to delete a s ubstructur e from a su bstructure lib rary . Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: This option is not supporte d in a mo del defined i n term s of an ass emb ly of part ins tances.
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* SUBSTR UCTURE DIRECT OR Y 18.40 * SUBSTRUCTURE DIRECT OR Y : List infor mation about the substructures on a substructure library . This option is used t o provide a summ ary of information about th e substructures stored on a substr ucture library .
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* SUBSTR UCTURE GENERA TE 18.41 * SUBSTRUCTURE GENERA TE: Substructure generation analysi s. This option i s used to indicate that the step sho uld be analyzed as a substructur e generation step. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : History data Level: This option is not supporte d in a mo del defined i n term s of an ass emb ly of part ins tances.
* SUBSTR UCTURE GENERA TE PROPER TY EV ALUA TION Set this parameter equal t o the frequency at which to evaluate frequency-dep endent properti es for viscoe lasticity , springs, and dash pots during the subs tructure ge neration.
* SUBSTR UCTURE LOAD CASE 18.42 * SUBSTRUCTURE LO AD CA SE: Begin the definition o f a substructure load case. This option is us ed to begin the de finition of a subs tructure loa d case for t he substruc ture currentl y being generated. It can be used only in a * SUBSTRUCTURE GENERA TE analysis.
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* SUBSTR UCTURE MA TRIX OUTPUT 18.43 * SUBSTRUCTURE MA TRIX OUTPUT : Write a substructure’ s recovery matrix, reduced stiffness matri x, mass matrix, load case vectors, and gravity load vector s to a file.
* SUBSTR UCTURE MA TRIX OUTPUT Set OUTPUT FILE=USER DEFINED to write the resul ts to a user-specified file in the format of the * USER ELEMENT , LINEAR option (“User-defi ned elem ents,” Section 2 6.15.1 of the ABA QUS Ana lysis Us er ’ s Manua l).
* SUBSTR UCTURE P A TH 18.44 * SUBSTRUCTURE P A TH: Enter into a substructure to obtain output or return back from a pr eviousl y entered substructure. This option is use d to navigate th rough “level s” of substruc tures to obta in output of results .
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* SUBSTRUCTUR E PROPERTY 18.45 * SUBSTRUCTURE PR OPERTY : T ranslate, r otate, and/or reflect substructures. This option is use d to define proper ties for a substr ucture.
* SUBSTR UCTURE PROPER TY 3. V alue of the trans lation to be applie d in the global Z -direc tion. Enter valu es of zero to app ly a pure rota tion. Second line: 1. Global X -coordinate of point a on th e axis of rotati on (see Figu re 18.45–1). 2.
* SUBSTRUCTUR E PROPERTY Data lines to transl ate, rotate, and reflect a substructure: First line: 1. V alue of the trans lation to be applie d in the global X -dire ction. 2. V alue of the trans lation to be applie d in the global Y -direc tion. 3. V alue of the trans lation to be applie d in the global Z -direc tion.
* SUBSTR UCTURE PROPER TY θ a b θ Figure 18.45–1 Substructure ro tation. b c a Figure 18.45–2 Substruc ture reflec tion. Points a , b ,a n d c cannot be col inear .
* SURF ACE 18.46 * SURF A CE: Define a surface or region in a model. This option i s used to define surfaces for contact simulation s, tie constrai nts, fasteners, and coupling, as well as regions fo r distributed sur face loads, acoustic radi ation, acoustic impedance, and ou tput of integrat ed quantiti es on a surface.
* SURF ACE Set COMBINE=INTERSECTION to create a surface based on the intersection of two surfaces of the same type. Set COMBINE=DIFFERENCE to create a sur face based on the dif ference of two surfaces of the same type (the secon d surface is subt racted from the first) .
* SURF ACE finite-slid ing contact formulation in ABAQUS/Stan dard or the surface is used with the cont act pair algorithm in ABAQUS/Explicit . TRIM=YES has no effect on surf aces used with the contact pair algorithm in ABAQUS/Explicit .
* SURF ACE Data lines f or COMBINE=UNION: First line: 1. List of surfaces. Repeat this data line as oft en as necessar y . Up to 16 entries are allowed per line . Data line for COMBINE= INTERSECTION or COMBINE=DIFFERENCE: First (and only) line: 1. First surface name.
* SURF ACE 2. Face or edge identifier label (see “Defining element-based su rfaces,” Section 2.3.2 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual, for th e face and edge identifiers for var ious elements) or the “word” ED GE (optiona l). Repeat this data li ne as often as necessar y to define the surf ace.
* SURF ACE 3. Global Y -coordinate o r z -coordi nate of the startin g point of the lin e segm ents. Second and subseq uent data lines define the var ious line, circular , and parabolic segments (see below for their for m at) that form the profil e of the analytical surface.
* SURF ACE 3. Local z -coordinate o f the starting po int of the line segm ent s. Third and sub sequent data lines defi ne the various li ne, circular , and paraboli c segm ents (see belo w for their format) that f orm the profile of the analytical su rface.
* SURF ACE S tart Line segment Local y-axis c Local x-axis b a n n Outward normal Circular arc segment Local z-axis Generator direction Figure 18.46–1 * SURF ACE, TYPE=CYLINDER.
* SURF ACE local r line segme nt circular arc segment n a b local z Start n Figure 18.46– 2 * SURF ACE, TYPE=REVOLUTION. 18.46–9 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
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* SURF ACE BEHA VIOR 18.47 * SURF A CE BEHA VIOR: Define alternative pressure-over cl osure relationships f or contact. This option i s used to m odify the defau lt hard contact pressure-o verclosure relations hip in a m echanical contact analysis. Mechanical interactions nor m al to the surfaces are influen ced by this option.
* SURF A CE BEHA VIOR ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual, for a di scussion of the defau lt penalty stif fness. Y ou can specify or mod ify the penal ty stiffness on the data li ne. Optional parameter s: NO SEP ARA TION Include this p aram eter to prev ent any separation of the two su rfaces once contact has been established.
* SURF ACE BEHA VIOR Data line for PRESS URE-O VERCLOSURE=EXPONENTIAL: First (and only) line: 1. Clearance at which th e contact pressure i s zero, (see Figu re 18.47–1). 2. Pressure at zero clearance, . The following data item is available only in ABAQUS/Expli cit analyses: 3.
* SURF A CE BEHA VIOR Repeat this data l ine in ascending order of o verclosure v alue as often as necessary to define the ov erclosure as a functi on of pressure. A minimum of t wo data lines are required. The pressure-ov erclosure relationshi p is extr apolated bey ond the last ov erclosure point by continuing the same slope (see Figure 18.
* SURF ACE BEHA VIOR (p n ,h n ) (p 3 ,h 3 ) (p 2 ,h 2 ) (0,h 1 ) Overclosure h Pressure p C learance c Figure 18.47– 3 Pres sure-ove rclosure r elationsh ip defined in t abular form .
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* SURF A CE FLAW 18.48 * SURF A CE FLA W: Define g eometry of surface flaws. This option is us ed with lin e spring el eme nts to defin e the geom etry of t he part-thr ough crack of t he shell.
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* S U R F AC E IN TE R AC T IO N 18.49 * SURF A CE INTERA CTION: Define surface interaction pr oper ties. This optio n is used to create a surface inter action property defin ition. The surface interactio n properties will govern any cont act interactions th at reference this surface i nteraction.
* SURF A CE INTERACTION Set this parameter equal to the thick ness of an interfacial layer between th e contacting surfaces. The value can be po sitive or negati ve.
* S U R F AC E IN TE R AC T IO N Second line (needed only if the PR OPERT IES parameter is used): 1. Ente r the value s of the surfa ce intera ction prope rties, e ight per line. Repeat this data li ne as often as necessar y to define all material constant s.
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* S U R F AC E P RO P E RT Y 18.50 * SURF A CE PROPER TY : Define surface pr oper ties f or cavity radi ation. This optio n is used to define surface proper ties for cavity radiati on analysis.
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* SURF ACE PR OPER TY ASSIGNMENT 18.51 * SURF A CE PROPER TY ASSIGNMENT : Assign surface pr operties to a surface f or the general contact algorithm. This option is used t o m odify surface prop erties for surfaces that are involv ed in general contact interacti ons in ABAQ US/Exp licit.
* SURF ACE PR OPER TY ASSIGNMENT Data lines f or PROPER TY=OFFSET FRA CTION: First line: 1. Surface name. If the surface name is om itted, a default surf ace that encompasses the entire general contact dom ain is assumed.
* SURF ACE SE CTION 18.52 * SURF A CE SECTION: Specify section pr operties for sur face elements. This optio n is used to specify a surface element cross-sectio n.
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* SWELLIN G 18.53 * SWELLING : Spe cify time -depen dent volumetric swe lling. This option is used to spe cify tim e-de pendent m eta l swelling f or a m aterial. Swell ing behavior de fined by this option is a ctive only d uring * SOILS, CONSOLIDA TION; * COUPLED TEMPERA TURE- DISPLACEMENT ; and * VISCO procedures.
* SWELLING 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of dat a lines as often as necessar y to define the dependence of v olumetric swell ing strain rate on temper ature and other predefined field v ariables. 18.53–2 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION 18.54 * SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION: Create a three-dimensional model fro m an axisymmetric or partial three-dimensional model .
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION Optional parameter s: ELEMENT OFFSET Set this parameter equal to an integer to defin e the offset fo r element numbering.
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION Second line: 1. Seg men t angle, (in degrees), of the origi nal three-dimensional sector . . 2. Number of three-dimensional rep etitive sectors, i ncluding the o riginal sector in the generat ed periodic m odel. T he default is 1 .
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION 2. Angular scaling factor in the circu m ferential di rection with respect to the original secto r . The default is 1. 0. Repeat the third data line as oft en as necessar y to define all the sectors of the model in the circumf erential direction.
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION Second line: 1. X -coordina te of point c . 2. Y -coordina te of point c . 3. Z -coordinat e of point c . Data line s if the REV OL VE parame ter is included: First line: 1. X -coordina te of point a . 2. Y -coordina te of point a .
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION b a θ y x z Figure 18.54–1 Revolving a singl e three-dimensional repetiti ve sector to create a p eriodic struct ure. b z c r a z Z Y X θ reference cross-section at θ = 0 Figure 18.54–2 Revolving an axi sym metric cross-section.
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION 8 7 5 4 6 3 1 2 3 + n 7 + n 6 + n 5 + n 4 + n 1 + n 2 + n 8 + n a b reflection line Figure 18.54–3 Reflec ting a three- dime nsional m odel thro ugh line ab with node offset n .
* SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERA TION 5 8 7 4 6 3 1 2 2 + n 6 + n 7 + n 8 + n 1 + n 4 + n 5 + n a b c reflection plane 3 + n Figure 18.54–4 Reflec ting a three-d ime nsional m odel through a pla ne abc with node offset n .
* SYMMETRIC RESUL TS TRANSFER 18.55 * SYMMETRIC RESUL TS TRANSFER: Import results from an axi symmetric or partial three-dimensional anal ysis. This option is use d to transfer a s olution from an axi.
* SYMMETRIC RESUL TS TRANSFER Set UNB ALANC ED STRE SS=RA MP if the stres s unbalance is to be re solved line arly over the step. There are no data l ines associated with thi s option.
* SYSTEM 18.56 * SYSTEM: Specify a local coor dinate system in whic h to define nodes. This optio n is used to define nod es by accepting coord inates relative to a speci fied local rectangular coordin ate system and generating the nod al coordinates in the glo bal coordinate system.
* SYSTEM Z Y X X Y Z 1 1 1 (loca l) (global) a b c Figure 18.56–1 Local coordin ate system . 18.56–2 ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
T 19. T ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* TEMPERA TURE 19.1 * TEMPERA TURE: Specify temperatur e as a predefined field. This option is used to sp ecify tem perature as a predefined field d uring an analysis.
* TEMPERA TURE apply . Rather , the AMPLITUDE parameter given on the * STEP option gove rns the be havior in an ABAQUS/Standard analysis, and the temperatures are always ram ped back to their initi al condition s in ABAQUS/Explicit analyses.
* TEMPERA TURE ESTEP Set this parameter equal to t he step number (of the analysis wh ose results or outpu t database file is being used a s input to this option) tha t ends the histor y data to be rea d. If no valu e is supplied, ESTEP is taken as equal t o BSTEP .
* TEMPERA TURE 2. Reference temperature value. If the AMPLITUDE parameter is present, this val ue and subsequent tem perature values wi ll be modified by the AMPLIT UDE specification. 3. T em perature grad ient in the -directio n for beam s or tem peratu re gradient th rough the thickness for she lls.
* TEMPERA TURE Data lines to define temperatures usi ng user subroutin e UTEMP : First line: 1. Node set or node nu m ber . Repeat this data l ine as often as necessar y .
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* TENSILE F AILURE 19.2 * TENSILE F AILURE: Specify a te nsile failu re model a nd criter ion. This option is u sed with the Mises or the Johns on-Cook pla sticity m odel s or the equa tion of state m odel to specify a tensi le failure model and criter ion.
* TENS ILE F AIL URE Set PRESS URE=D UCTI LE to mo del the case wher e the press ure stress w ill be lim ited by the hydrosta tic cutoff stress w hen the failure c riterion is m et. SHEAR Set SHEAR=BRITTLE to model the case where the deviato ric stresses will be set to zero when t he failure c riterion is m et.
* TENSION STIFFENI NG 19.3 * TENSION STI FFENING: Define the retained tensile str ess normal to a crac k in a * CONCRETE model. This option i s used to define the retained tensile str ess normal to a crack as a function of th e deformation in the direct ion of the no rm al to the crack .
* TENSION S TIFFENIN G 4. First field variable. 5. Sec ond field var iable. 6 . E t c . ,u pt ofi v efi e l dv a r i a b l e s . The first point at each value of temperature must be a stress fraction o f 1.0 at a strain of 0.0. Subsequent lines (only needed if the DEPENDENCIE S parameter has a value greater t han five): 1.
* THERMAL EXP ANSION 19.4 * THERMAL EXP ANSION: Define the thermal expansion beh avior of beams. This option ca n be used only in conjunction with the * BEAM GENERAL SECTION, SECTION=NONLINEAR GENERAL option.
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* TIE 19.5 * TIE: D efine surface-based ti e and cycli c symmetry constraints or coupled acousti c- structural interactio ns. This option is use d to impo se tie const raints, cycl ic sym m etry cons traints, or couple d acoustic -structura l interactio ns between pairs of surf aces.
* TIE Optional parameter s: ADJUST Set ADJUST=YES (default) t o move all tied nodes on t he slave surface onto t he m aster surface i n the initial c onfiguratio n, without a ny strain .
* TIME POINTS 19.6 * TIME POINTS : Specify time points at which data are written to the outp ut database or restart files, or specify ti me points in the loadi ng history at which the response of a structure will be evaluated in a d irect cycl ic analysis.
* TIME POINTS Data lines if th e GENER A TE parame ter is omitte d: First line: 1. Lis t of time points ; the points m ust be arra nged in asce nding order . Repeat this dat a line as often as necessar y . Up to eight ent r ies are all owed per line .
* T ORQUE 19.7 * T ORQUE: Define the torsional beha vior of beams. This option ca n be used only in conjunction with the * BEAM GENERAL SECTION, SECTION=NONLINEAR GENERAL option.
* TO R Q U E Subsequent lines (only needed i f the DEPENDENCIES par ameter has a val ue greater than six): 1. Seventh field vari able. 2. Etc., up to eight field vari ables per line. Repeat this set of data li nes as often as necessar y to define the torsional stiffness as a functi on of temperature and ot her predefined field variab les.
* T ORQUE PRINT 19.8 * T ORQUE PRINT : Print a summary of the t otal torque that can be transmitted acr oss axisymmetric sli de lines. This optio n is used to obtain a summ ary of the total to rque that can be transmitted acr oss all axisymm etric slide lines in a m odel.
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* TRA CER P ARTICLE 19.9 * TRA CER P ARTICLE: Define tracer particles f or tracking t he location of and results at material poi nts during a step. This optio n is used to define tracer par ticles and assign them to tracer sets for t racking the locatio n of and results at material poi nts during a step.
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* TRANSFORM 19.10 * TRANSFORM: Specify a local coor dinate system at nodes. This optio n is used to specify a local coord inate system for displacement and rotatio n degrees of freedom at a node.
* TRANSFORM X Y Z Y 1 Z 1 (globa l) b a X 1 Figure 19.10–1 Carte sian trans form ation optio n. X Y Z X Y Z 1 (global) b a 1 1 (radial) (axial) (tangential) Figure 19.
* TRANSFORM X Y Z (global) a b Z 1 (meridional) Y 1 (circumferentia l) X 1 (radial) Figure 19.10–3 Spheric al transfo rma tion option. 19.10–3 ABAQUS V ersion 6.
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* TRANSPOR T VELOCITY 19.11 * TRANSPOR T VELOCITY : Specify angular tr anspor t velocity . This option is used to de fine the an gular veloc ity of m ateria l transport ed through the me sh of a def orma ble body or the tra nsport of m ateria l relative to the ref erence n ode of a rigid body dur ing a steady -state t ransport analysis.
* TRANSP ORT VELOCITY GENERA TION option. For a rigid bo dy of type REVOLUTION the rotation is assumed to be about the axi s of revolution of t he body . Repeat this data line as of ten as necessar y to define rotational motion on nodes of di fferent par ts of the model.
* TRANSVERSE SHEAR STIFFNESS 19.12 * TRANSVERSE SHEAR STI FFNESS: Define transverse shear stiff ness for beams and shells. This option mu st be use d in conjunc tion with th e * BEAM GENERAL SECTION option, the * BEAM SECTIO N option, the * C OHESI VE SECTI ON option, t he * SHELL GENERAL SECTION option, or the * SHELL SECTION option.
* TRANSVERSE SHEAR STIFFNE SS Data line when used wi th all other beam secti ons: First (and only) line: 1. V alue of the shear stif fness of the section. 2. V alue of the shear stif fness of the section. 3. V alue of the slenderness compensation fact or or the label SCF .
* TRIAXIAL TEST D A T A 19.13 * TRIAXIAL TEST D A T A: Pro vide triaxial test data. This optio n is required if some or all of t he m aterial parameters that defi ne the exponent form of the * DRUCKER PRAGER option are to be calibrated from triaxial test data.
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* TRS 19.14 * TRS: Used to define temperature-tim e shift for time hi story viscoelastic analysis. This option ca n be used only in c onjunction w ith the * VISCOELASTIC option. In an ABAQUS/Standard anal ysis, viscoelasticity must be defined i n the time domain by using the * VISCOELASTIC option with the TIME parameter .
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U 20. U ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* UEL PROPER TY 20.1 * UEL PR OPERTY : Define pr operty values to be used wi th a user element type. This option is used to defi ne the properties of a user element. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Standard Ty p e : Model data Level: Par t, Part instance, Mo del References: • “User-defined elements,” Section 2 6.
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* UNDEX CHARGE PROPER TY 20.2 * UNDEX CHARGE PROPER TY : Define an UN DEX char ge for incident wa ves. This optio n defines parameters that create t he time histories of load, disp lacem ent, and other v ariables used to simu late an underw ater expl osion.
* UNDEX CHARGE PROPER TY 2. Ma ximu m num ber of tim e steps f or the bubble sim ulation , . The bubble a mplit ude simulation ceases when the number of steps r eaches or the time dur ation, ,i s reached. 3. Relative step size cont rol parameter , . 4.
* UNIAXIAL TEST D A T A 20.3 * UNIAXIAL TEST D A T A: Used to provi de uniaxial test data (compression and /or tension). This option is us ed to provide u niaxial tes t data. It can be used only in c onjunction w ith the * HYPERELASTIC option, the * HYPERFOAM o ptio n, and the * MULLINS EFFECT o ption.
* UNIAXIAL T EST DA T A Data lines to speci fy uniaxial test data f or the Marlo w model: First line: 1. Nominal stress, . 2. Nominal strain, . 3. Nominal lateral strain, . Not needed if the POISSON parameter is specifi ed on the * HYPER ELAST IC option or if the * VOLUMETRIC TEST DA T A option is used.
* UNIAXIAL TEST D A T A Using unia xial test d ata to defin e the Mullins e ffect mat erial mode l References: • “Mullins ef fect in rubb erlike materials,” Section 17. 6.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual • “Energ y dissipation in elastomeric foams,” Section 17.
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* USER DE FINED F IELD 20.4 * USER DEFINED FIELD: Redefine field variab les at a material point. This m aterial o ption is used to a llow the valu es of field var iables at a m ate rial point to be r edefined w ithin an increment via user subroutine USDFLD .
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* USER ELEMENT 20.5 * USER ELEMENT : Intr oduce a user-defined element type. This option i s used to introduce a linear o r a general user-defined element.
* USER ELEMENT Required parameter s if the FILE parameter i s included: OLD ELEMENT Set this parameter equal to the element number that was assigned to t he element whose m atrices are being read. This parameter can also be set to a substru cture identifier to read a sub structure matrix from an ABAQUS/Standard results file.
* USER ELEMENT Second line if the acti ve degrees of f reedom are diff erent at subsequent nodes: 1. Ente r the position in th e connecti vity list (node pos ition on the ele men t) where the new lis t of active degrees of freed om first applies. 2. Enter the new list of activ e degrees of freedom.
* USER ELEMENT PROPER TIES Set this parameter equal to the number of real (floating p oint) proper ty values needed as data in u ser subroutin e UEL to define such an element. The default is PROPER TIES=0. UNSYMM Include this p arameter if the element m atrices are not symmetric.
* USER MA TERIAL 20.6 * USER MA TERIAL: D efine material constants f or use in subr outine UMAT , UMATHT ,o r VUMAT . This optio n is used to input material constan ts for use in a user-defined mechanical model (user su broutine UMAT in ABAQUS/Standard o r user subrout ine VUMAT in AB AQUS /Explicit) .
* USER MA TERIAL Include thi s parameter if the material stiffn ess m atrix, , is not sym m etric or w hen a therm al consti tutive m odel is used and is not symmetric. This parameter causes ABAQUS/Standard to use it s unsymm etric equatio n solution proced ures.
* USER OUTPUT V ARIABLES 20.7 * USER OUTPUT V ARIABLES: Specify number of user v ariables. This optio n is used to allow ABAQUS to allo cate space at each material calculation po int for user-defin ed output varia bles define d in user subrou tine UVARM .
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V 21. V ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* V ARIABLE MASS SCALING 21.1 * V ARIABLE MASS SCALING: Specify mass scaling d uring the step. This option is used to s pecify m ass scal ing during the s tep for part or a ll of the m odel. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Explicit Ty p e : History data Level: St ep References: • “Mass scaling,” Section 1 1.
* V ARIABLE MASS SCALING Required, m utuall y exclusi ve parameters if the DT parameter or the TYPE= ROLLING parameter is used: FREQUENCY Set this parameter equal to the frequency , in increm ents, at which mass scaling calculati ons are to be performed during th e step.
* VIEWF A CT OR OUTPUT 21.2 * VIEWF A CT OR OUTPUT : Write radiation vie wfactors to the resu lts file in cavity radiation heat transfer anal ysis. This option is used to w rite cav ity radia tion elem ent vie wfacto r ma trices to th e results file.
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* VISCO 21.3 * VISCO: T ransient, static, stress/displacement anal ysis with time-depend ent materia l respons e (creep , swelling, and v iscoelas ticity) . This option is used t o obtain a transient static res ponse in an analysis with time-dependent material behavio r (creep, swelling , and viscoelast icity).
* VISCO ST AB ILIZE Include thi s param eter to us e autom atic sta bilizatio n if the problem is expect ed to be unstabl e due to local inst abilities. Set this parameter equal to the d issipated ener gy fraction of the aut omatic dam ping algorit hm (s ee “Solvi ng nonlinear problem s,” S ection 7.
* VISCOELASTIC 21.4 * VISCOELASTIC: Specify dissipative beha vior for use with elasticity . This option is use d to generaliz e a mat erial’ s elast ic response t o include viscoe lastici ty .
* VISCOELASTIC TIME Use this parameter to choose the t ime domain definiti on. In this case the material’ s elasticity must be defined using th e * ELASTIC, the * HYPERELASTIC, or the * HYPER FOAM opt ion .
* VISCOELASTIC Optional parameter s when test data are given to define time domain viscoel asticity with TIME=CREEP TES T DA T A or TIME=RELAXA TION TEST D A T A or when test data are given to defin.
* VISCOELASTIC 3. Frequency , f , in c ycles pe r time . 4. Uniaxial nominal strain (defines th e level of uniaxial preload ). Repeat this data l ine as often as necessary to define the uniaxial loss and st orage moduli as functions of frequency and preload.
* VISCOELASTIC 4. Clo sure (define s the level of preloa d). Repeat this data l ine as often as necessary to define the eff ective thi ckness-directi on gasket loss and storage moduli as functions of frequency and preload.
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* VISCOUS 21.5 * VISCOUS: Specify viscou s material prop er ties fo r the two-la yer viscoplast ic model. This option is use d to define the visc ous propertie s for the two-la yer visc oplastic m ate rial m odel. It m ust be used in conj unction with t he * ELASTIC and * PLASTI C options.
* VISCOUS 7. Sec ond field var iable. 8. Third field variabl e. Subsequent lines (onl y needed if the DEPENDENCIES parameter has a v alue greater than three): 1.
* V OID NUCLEA TION 21.6 * V OID NUCLEA TION: Define the nucl eation of v oids in a por ous material. This option is us ed to m odel the nucl eation of voids i n a porous m ateria l.
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* V OLUMETRIC TEST D A T A 21.7 * V OLUMETRIC TES T DA T A: Provi de volumetr ic test data. This option c an be use d only in co njunction w ith the * HY PERELA STIC optio n, the * HYPERF OAM opt ion, or the * VISCOELASTIC option .
* V OLUMETRIC TEST D A T A See “Using the DEPENDENCIES parameter to define fiel d variable depend ence” in “Material data definition ,” Section 16.1.2 o f the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual, for more information. Data lines to speci fy volum etric test data fo r hyperelastici ty other than the Marlo w model: First line: 1.
* V OLUMETRIC TEST D A T A Viscoelastic materi al model References: • “T ime dom ain viscoelasti city ,” Section 17 .7.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis User ’ s Manual • * VISCOELASTIC Optional parameter: VOLINF T o specify creep test data, set this parameter equal to the value of t he long-term, normalized volum etric co mplia nce, .
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W, X , Y , Z 2 2 . W ,X ,Y ,Z ABAQUS V ersion 6.1 Module: ID : Printed on:.
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* WAVE 22.1 * W A VE: Define gravity waves f or use in i mmersed structur e calculations. This optio n is used to define grav ity waves for use in applying l oads. Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Aqua Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “ABAQUS/Aqua analysis,” Section 6 .
* WAVE Optional parameter s for TYPE=GRIDDED: MINIMUM Set this parameter equal to the elevation b elow which point the structure is fu lly imm ersed for all tim e t . If this parameter is omitted, the elevation of the structur e is com pared against t he instantaneou s free surface to check fo r fluid surface penetrat ion.
* WAVE 5. y -direction co sine defining the directi on of the vector (the dire ction of travel for th is wave com ponent). This com ponent i s not need ed in two- dime nsional c ases. Repeat this data l ine as often as necessary to define multiple w ave t rains; one line per w ave component .
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* WIND 22.2 * WIND: Define wind velocity pr ofile f or wind loading. T h i so p t i o ni su s e dt od e fi n eaw i n dv e l o c i t yp r o fi l ef o ru s ei na p p l y i n gl o a d s . Pr oduct: ABAQUS/Aqua Ty p e : Model data Level: Mo del Reference: • “ABAQUS/Aqua analysis,” Section 6 .
About ABAQUS, Inc. Founded in 1978, ABAQUS, Inc. is the world's leading provider of advanced Finite Element Analysis software and services that are used to solve real-world engineering problems.
Un punto importante, dopo l’acquisto del dispositivo (o anche prima di acquisto) è quello di leggere il manuale. Dobbiamo farlo per diversi motivi semplici:
Se non hai ancora comprato il 3D Connexion Version 6.6 è un buon momento per familiarizzare con i dati di base del prodotto. Prime consultare le pagine iniziali del manuale d’uso, che si trova al di sopra. Dovresti trovare lì i dati tecnici più importanti del 3D Connexion Version 6.6 - in questo modo è possibile verificare se l’apparecchio soddisfa le tue esigenze. Esplorando le pagine segenti del manuali d’uso 3D Connexion Version 6.6 imparerai tutte le caratteristiche del prodotto e le informazioni sul suo funzionamento. Le informazioni sul 3D Connexion Version 6.6 ti aiuteranno sicuramente a prendere una decisione relativa all’acquisto.
In una situazione in cui hai già il 3D Connexion Version 6.6, ma non hai ancora letto il manuale d’uso, dovresti farlo per le ragioni sopra descritte. Saprai quindi se hai correttamente usato le funzioni disponibili, e se hai commesso errori che possono ridurre la durata di vita del 3D Connexion Version 6.6.
Tuttavia, uno dei ruoli più importanti per l’utente svolti dal manuale d’uso è quello di aiutare a risolvere i problemi con il 3D Connexion Version 6.6. Quasi sempre, ci troverai Troubleshooting, cioè i guasti più frequenti e malfunzionamenti del dispositivo 3D Connexion Version 6.6 insieme con le istruzioni su come risolverli. Anche se non si riesci a risolvere il problema, il manuale d’uso ti mostrerà il percorso di ulteriori procedimenti – il contatto con il centro servizio clienti o il servizio più vicino.
